This publication is based on studies carried out from August 2010 to January 2011 by The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology (SIK) on request from the FAO. The two studies on global food losses (one for high/medium-income countries and one for low income countries) have been carried out to serve as a basis for the international congress Save Food!, 16-17 May 2011, at the international packaging industry fair Interpack2011 in Dusseldorf, Germany.
The study highlights the losses occurring along the entire food chain, and makes assessments of their magnitude. Further, it identifies causes of food losses and possible ways of preventing them. The results suggest that roughly one-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally, which amounts to about 1.3 billion tons per year. This inevitably also means that huge amounts of the resources used in food production are used in vain, and that the greenhouse gas emissions caused by production of food that gets lost or wasted are also emissions in vain.

Global food losses and food waste: extent, causes and prevention.

Global food losses and food waste

Sas System For Mixed Models

Recently, insects have received increased attention as an important source of sustainable raw materials for animal feed, especially in fish, poultry, and swine. In particular, the most promising species are represented by the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI), the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, TM), and the common house fly (Musca domestica, MD). Although rapid development is expected, insects remain underutilized in the animal feed industry mainly due to technical, financial, and regulatory barriers. In addition, few works have analyzed consumer and stakeholder points of view towards the use of insects as animal feed. In this article, we summarize the main findings of this body of research and provide a discussion of consumer studies regarding the consumption of animals fed with insects. Our review suggests that consumer acceptance will not be a barrier towards the development of this novel protein industry. Furthermore, we conclude that it will be of interest to understand whether the use of this more sustainable feed source might increase consumer willingness to pay for animal products fed with insects and whether the overall acceptability, from a sensory point of view, will be perceived better than conventional products. Finally, the main challenges of the feed farming industry are addressed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/4/119/pdf

The Potential Role of Insects as Feed: A Multi-Perspective Review.

Herbal medicines, a guide for health-care professionals: Carol A. Newall, Linda A. Anderson, J. David Phillipson, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1996

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of zinc (Zn) and ascorbic acid (AA) in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 160-day-old broiler chicks of approximately the same weight and appearance were divided into four treatment groups (control, T1, T2, and T3). Control group was fed a standard diet without any supplementation. T1 was supplemented with Zn at the rate of 60 mg/kg of feed, T2 was supplemented with 300 mg/kg of feed AA, and T3 was supplemented with combination of Zn and AA. From week 3 to 5, heat stress environment was provided at the rate of 12 h at 25 °C, 3 h at 25 to 34 °C, 6 h at 34 °C, and 3 h at 34 to 25 °C daily. The results revealed that feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR), and weight of thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius improved significantly (P < 0.05) in T3 compared to the other treatments. Antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and infectious bronchitis (IB) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. However, total leucocytes count, lymphocytes, and monocytes increased (P < 0.05) in all treated groups compared to control. The results indicated that the supplementation of Zn or AA alone or in combination improved the performance and immune status of broilers reared under heat stress.

Performance traits and immune response of broiler chicks treated with zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation during cyclic heat stress

Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the comparative effect of maggot meal, silkworm meal and mealworm as dietary protein source on the production performance and some aspects of meat quality in broilers. In this regard, maggot meal was reared on chicken offal and poultry waste. Silkworm meal was obtained from silk industry, while mealworm was developed through beetles rearing. A total of 120-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups where soya bean meal (M0) was replaced with maggot meal (M1), silkworm meal (M2) and mealworm (M3) respectively. Each group was further divided into three replicates. The study was carried out for a period of 5 weeks. Diets containing mealworm significantly reduced overall feed consumption and resulted into higher weight gain (p < .05). Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded for birds fed with mealworm diet (p < .05). Tenderness and juiciness of meat were higher (p < .05) in M3 compared to the control and other treatments. Mortality did not vary between the control and the treated groups. Therefore, it is concluded that insect meal is rich in essential nutrients and could be successfully used in broiler ration without compromising acceptability. In the light of this study, mealworm is the best choice in broiler ration, in comparison with maggot and silkworm.

Evaluating the nutritive profile of three insect meals and their effects to replace soya bean in broiler diet.

This study was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of six medicinal plants including Nigella sativa, Boerhavia diffusa, Withania somnifera, Ipomea digitata, Azadi rachta indica and Corylus avellena @ 4 g/kg of feed as growth promoter and their subsequent influence on the performance of br oilers 210 day old chicks were randomly divided in to 21 experimental units of 10 chicks each These experimental units were ra ndomly allotted to 7 treatments comprising of 3 rep licates each Commercially formulated broiler starter and finishe r rations were offered ad libitum from 0-4 and 4-6 weeks of age Authenticated samples of the plant materials were d ried in shade, pulverized and mixed each @ 4g kg -1 of feed and offered to the chicks of the respective treatment groups Maximum gain in weight was observed with the Withania somnifera (1819 kg) followed by Nigella sativa (1805 kg) and Azadirachta indica (1800 kg)  The best cumulative FCR at the end of 6 th week of age was for that of Withania somnifera (2038) followed by Nigella sativa (2054) and Azadirachta indica (2083) The lowest results as regards FCR were recorded for Ipomea digitata (2394) and Boerhavia diffusa (2396) The results of the Corylus avellena (2209) and control (2235) were statistically simi lar The maximum profit per bird was obtained from Azadirachta indica treated birds followed by Nigella sativa and Withania somnifera treated chickens as compared to control It was co ncluded from this study that medicinal plants especially Withania somnifera, Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica can be used as growth promoters in the poultry diets with better producti on performance

/pdf/evaluation-of-different-medicinal-plants-as-growth-promoters-1f65wiallk.pdf

Evaluation of different medicinal plants as growth promoters for broiler chicks

Naila Chand1,*, Shabana Naz2, Hamza Maris1, Rifat Ullhah Khan1, Sarzamin Khan1 and Muhammad Subhan Qureshi1 1Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Article Information Received 24 February 2017 Revised 24 March 2017 Accepted 31 March 2017 Available online 20 September 2017

Effect of betaine supplementation on the performance and immune response of heat stressed broilers.

Data regarding buffalo calves rearing and calf mortality was collected from 111 buffalo farms in Peshawar city. Total number of buffaloes was 3092 in these farms having 27.85 buffaloes on average. 2492 calves born in one year of which 448 calves were died (17.98% mortality rate). Colostrum feeding to newly born calves was practiced in all farms. In addition to suckling, solid feeding to calves was started during the second week of age. The weaning age ranged from 24 to 48 weeks. Calf mortality was influenced (P < 0.05) by total number of animals but did not vary due to number of buffaloes, number of cows, total calves, age and season.

Sarzamin Khan

Papers

Performance traits and immune response of broiler chicks treated with zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation during cyclic heat stress

Evaluating the nutritive profile of three insect meals and their effects to replace soya bean in broiler diet.

Evaluation of different medicinal plants as growth promoters for broiler chicks

Effect of betaine supplementation on the performance and immune response of heat stressed broilers.

Investigation of mortality incidence and managemental practices in buffalo calves at commercial dairy farms in peshawar city