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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

Here, we report advanced materials and devices that enable high-efficiency mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion from the natural contractile and relaxation motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm, demonstrated in several different animal models, each of which has organs with sizes that approach human scales. A cointegrated collection of such energy-harvesting elements with rectifiers and microbatteries provides an entire flexible system, capable of viable integration with the beating heart via medical sutures and operation with efficiencies of ∼2%. Additional experiments, computational models, and results in multilayer configurations capture the key behaviors, illuminate essential design aspects, and offer sufficient power outputs for operation of pacemakers, with or without battery assist.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/5/1927.full.pdf

Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm

More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification and DC-DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits.

Micropower energy harvesting

The first application of an implanted triboelectric nanogenerator (iTENG) that enables harvesting energy from in vivo mechanical movement in breathing to directly drive a pacemaker is reported. The energy harvested by iTENG from animal breathing is stored in a capacitor and successfully drives a pacemaker prototype to regulate the heart rate of a rat. This research shows a feasible approach to scavenge biomechanical energy, and presents a crucial step forward for lifetime-implantable self-powered medical devices.

In vivo powering of pacemaker by breathing-driven implanted triboelectric nanogenerator.

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) have experienced a rapid progress in recent years to the advancement of state-of-the-art medical practices. However, the majority of this equipment requires external power sources like batteries to operate, which may restrict their application for in vivo situations. Furthermore, these external batteries of the IMDs need to be changed at times by surgical processes once expired, causing bodily and psychological annoyance to patients and rising healthcare financial burdens. Currently, harvesting biomechanical energy in vivo is considered as one of the most crucial energy-based technologies to ensure sustainable operation of implanted medical devices. This review aims to highlight recent improvements in implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (iTENG) and implantable piezoelectric nanogenerators (iPENG) to drive self-powered, wireless healthcare systems. Furthermore, their potential applications in cardiac monitoring, pacemaker energizing, nerve-cell stimulating, orthodontic treatment and real-time biomedical monitoring by scavenging the biomechanical power within the human body, such as heart beating, blood flowing, breathing, muscle stretching and continuous vibration of the lung are summarized and presented. Finally, a few crucial problems which significantly affect the output performance of iTENGs and iPENGs under in vivo environments are addressed.

Recent Advances in Nanogenerator-Driven Self-Powered Implantable Biomedical Devices

A platform architecture combining energy from solar, thermal, and vibration sources is presented. A dual-path architecture for energy harvesting is employed that has a peak efficiency improvement of 11%-13% over the traditional two-stage approach. The system implemented consists of a reconfigurable multi-input, multi-output switch matrix that combines energy from three distinct energy-harvesting sources-photovoltaic, thermoelectric, and piezoelectric. The system can handle input voltages from 20 mV to 5 V and is capable of extracting maximum power from individual harvesters all at the same time utilizing a single inductor. A proposed time-based power monitor is used for achieving maximum power point tracking for the photovoltaic harvester. This has a peak tracking efficiency of 96%. The peak efficiencies achieved with inductor sharing are 83%, 58%, and 79% for photovoltaic boost, thermoelectric boost, and piezoelectric buck-boost converters, respectively. The switch matrix and the control circuits are implemented on a 0.35-μm CMOS process.

Platform Architecture for Solar, Thermal, and Vibration Energy Combining With MPPT and Single Inductor

A 0.35µm CMOS energy processor with multiple inputs from solar, thermal and vibration energy sources is presented. Dual-path architecture for energy harvesting is proposed that has up to 13% higher conversion efficiency compared to the conventional two stage storage-regulation architecture. To minimize the cost and form factor, a single inductor has been time shared for all converters. A novel low power maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme with 95% tracking efficiency is also introduced.

/pdf/platform-architecture-for-solar-thermal-and-vibration-energy-1we8igucsb.pdf

Platform architecture for solar, thermal and vibration energy combining with MPPT and single inductor

Endocochlear potential (EP) is a battery-like electrochemical gradient found in and actively maintained by the inner ear. Here we demonstrate that the mammalian EP can be used as a power source for electronic devices. We achieved this by designing an anatomically sized, ultra-low quiescent-power energy harvester chip integrated with a wireless sensor capable of monitoring the EP itself. Although other forms of in vivo energy harvesting have been described in lower organisms, and thermoelectric, piezoelectric and biofuel devices are promising for mammalian applications, there have been few, if any, in vivo demonstrations in the vicinity of the ear, eye and brain. In this work, the chip extracted a minimum of 1.12 nW from the EP of a guinea pig for up to 5 h, enabling a 2.4 GHz radio to transmit measurement of the EP every 40-360 s. With future optimization of electrode design, we envision using the biologic battery in the inner ear to power chemical and molecular sensors, or drug-delivery actuators for diagnosis and therapy of hearing loss and other disorders.

/pdf/energy-extraction-from-the-biologic-battery-in-the-inner-ear-zgvz2lbuw3.pdf

Energy extraction from the biologic battery in the inner ear.

A wireless sensor that is powered from the endocochlear potential (EP), a 70-to-100mV bio-potential inside the mammalian ear, has been demonstrated in [1]. Due to the anatomical size and physiological constraints inside the ear, a maximum of 1.1 to 6.25nW can be extracted from the EP. The nanowatt power budget of the sensor gives rise to unique challenges with power conversion efficiency and quiescent current reduction in the power management unit (PMU). While [1] presents the system aspects of the biomedical harvesting including the biologic interface and system measurements, this work presents the details of the nanowatt PMU required to power the electronics. More specifically, it focuses on the low-power circuit design techniques needed to realize a nW power converter that is applicable to a broad spectrum of emerging biomedical applications with ultra-low energy-harvesting sources.

/pdf/23-2-a-1-1nw-energy-harvesting-system-with-544pw-quiescent-56yzsps33w.pdf

23.2 A 1.1nW energy harvesting system with 544pW quiescent power for next-generation implants

A DC-DC buck converter capable of handling loads from 20 μA to 100 mA and operating off a 2.8-4.2 V battery is implemented in a 45 nm CMOS process. In order to handle high battery voltages in this deeply scaled technology, multiple transistors are stacked in the power train. Switched-Capacitor DC-DC converters are used for internal rail generation for stacking and supplies for control circuits. An I-C DAC pulse width modulator with sleep mode control is proposed which is both area and power-efficient as compared with previously published pulse width modulator schemes. Both pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and pulse width modulation (PWM) modes of control are employed for the wide load range. The converter achieves a peak efficiency of 75% at 20 μA, 87.4% at 12 mA in PFM, and 87.2% at 53 mA in PWM.

Saurav Bandyopadhyay

Papers

Platform Architecture for Solar, Thermal, and Vibration Energy Combining With MPPT and Single Inductor

Platform architecture for solar, thermal and vibration energy combining with MPPT and single inductor

Energy extraction from the biologic battery in the inner ear.

23.2 A 1.1nW energy harvesting system with 544pW quiescent power for next-generation implants

20 $\mu$ A to 100 mA DC–DC Converter With 2.8-4.2 V Battery Supply for Portable Applications in 45 nm CMOS