Hydride complexes of copper, silver, and gold encompass a broad array of structures, and their distinctive reactivity has enabled dramatic recent advances in synthesis and catalysis. This Review summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and key stoichiometric reactions of isolable or observable coinage metal hydrides. It discusses catalytic processes in which coinage metal hydrides are known or probable intermediates, and presents mechanistic studies of selected catalytic reactions. The purpose of this Review is to convey how developments in coinage metal hydride chemistry have led to new organic transformations, and how developments in catalysis have in turn inspired the synthesis of reactive new complexes.

Coinage Metal Hydrides: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity.

Energy storage technologies are required to make full use of renewable energy sources, and electrochemical cells offer a great deal flexibility in the design of energy systems. For large scale electrochemical storage to be viable, the materials employed and device production methods need to be low cost, devices should be long lasting and safety during operation is of utmost importance. Energy and power densities are of lesser concern. For these reasons, battery chemistries that make use of aqueous electrolytes are favorable candidates where large quantities of energy need to be stored. Herein we describe several different aqueous based battery chemistries and identify some of the research challenges currently hindering their wider adoption. Lead acid batteries represent a mature technology that currently dominates the battery market, however there remain challenges that may prevent their future use at the large scale. Nickel–iron batteries have received a resurgence of interest of late and are known for their long cycle lives and robust nature however improvements in efficiency are needed in order to make them competitive. Other technologies that use aqueous electrolytes and have the potential to be useful in future large-scale applications are briefly introduced. Recent investigations in to the design of nickel–iron cells are reported with it being shown that electrolyte decomposition can be virtually eliminated by employing relatively large concentrations of iron sulfide in the electrode mixture, however this is at the expense of capacity and cycle life.

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Aqueous batteries as grid scale energy storage solutions

This review article summarizes the applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis since 2002. Although there are an increasing number of reports on applications of bismuth(III) salts in polymerization reactions, and their importance is acknowledged, they are not included in this review. This review is largely organized by the reaction type although some reactions can clearly be placed in multiple sections. While every effort has been made to include all relevant reports in this field, any omission is inadvertent and we apologize in advance for the same (358 references).

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Applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis

Multiply structural optimized strategies for bismuth oxyhalide photocatalysis and their environmental application

This review covers uses of bismuth catalysts since 2005 with a special emphasis on the emerging applications of such catalysts. Low toxicity, low catalytic loading, synergistic effects with other catalysts, and some hydrocompatibility properties confer to bismuth salts major advantages. The expanding activity in the field clearly highlights the growing potential of bismuth catalysts. The article is not a comprehensive review on bismuth catalysis but a selection of its most promising uses in challenging synthetic transformations.

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New trends in bismuth-catalyzed synthetic transformations

Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Ketones

With increasing environmental concerns, the need for environmentally friendly organic synthesis has gained increased importance. In this regard, bismuth(III) compounds are especially attractive as “green” reagents and catalysts for organic synthesis. Bismuth(III) compounds are remarkably nontoxic, relatively air and moisture stable, and easy to handle. The contributions from our laboratory in the last 5 years in the field of applications of bismuth(III) compounds as catalysts are presented.

Environmentally friendly organic synthesis using bismuth(III) compounds.

https://works.bepress.com/ram_mohan/30/download/

Bismuth(III) bromide in organic synthesis. A catalytic method for the allylation of tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl ethers

A simple method for the synthesis of 1,3-dioxolanes from carbonyl compounds has been developed using 1,2-bis(tri-methylsilyloxy)ethane in the presence of bismuth(III) triflate as a catalyst. The bismuth(III) triflate catalyzed synthesis of a range of dioxanes and dioxepines has also been developed. In these latter cases, the carbonyl compound is treated with a diol, and triethyl orthoformate is used as a water scavenger. All these methods avoid the use of a Dean-Stark trap.

Scott W. Krabbe

Papers

Applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis

Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Ketones

Environmentally friendly organic synthesis using bismuth(III) compounds.

Bismuth(III) bromide in organic synthesis. A catalytic method for the allylation of tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl ethers

Bismuth Compounds in Organic Synthesis: Synthesis of Dioxanes, Dioxepines, and Dioxolanes Catalyzed by Bismuth(III) Triflate