This paper aims to update the clinical researches using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent published during the past five years. PubMed database was used for literature search, and the search terms were (SPIO OR superparamagnetic iron oxide OR Resovist OR Ferumoxytol OR Ferumoxtran-10) AND (MRI OR magnetic resonance imaging). The literature search results show clinical research on SPIO remains robust, particularly fuelled by the approval of ferumoxytol for intravenously administration. SPIOs have been tested on MR angiography, sentinel lymph node detection, lymph node metastasis evaluation; inflammation evaluation; blood volume measurement; as well as liver imaging. Two experimental SPIOs with unique potentials are also discussed in this review. A curcumin-conjugated SPIO can penetrate brain blood barrier (BBB) and bind to amyloid plaques in Alzheime’s disease transgenic mice brain, and thereafter detectable by MRI. Another SPIO was fabricated with a core of Fe3O4 nanoparticle and a shell coating of concentrated hydrophilic polymer brushes and are almost not taken by peripheral macrophages as well as by mononuclear phagocytes and reticuloendothelial system (RES) due to the suppression of non-specific protein binding caused by their stealthy ‘‘brush-afforded’’ structure. This SPIO may offer potentials for the applications such as drug targeting and tissue or organ imaging other than liver and lymph nodes.

A comprehensive literatures update of clinical researches of superparamagnetic resonance iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging

https://libeldoc.bsuir.by/bitstream/123456789/38319/1/Tishkevich_Immobilization.pdf

Immobilization of boron-rich compound on Fe3O4 nanoparticles: Stability and cytotoxicity

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and their surface modification with therapeutic substances are of great interest, especially drug delivery for cancer therapy, including boron-neutron capture therapy (BNCT). In this paper, we present the results of boron-rich compound (carborane borate) attachment to previously aminated by (3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APTMS) iron oxide NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated total reflectance accessory (ATR-FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the change of the element content of NPs after modification and formation of new bonds between Fe3O4 NPs and the attached molecules. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed Fe3O4 NPs’ average size of 18.9 nm. Phase parameters were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the magnetic behavior of Fe3O4 NPs was elucidated by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The colloidal and chemical stability of NPs was studied using simulated body fluid (phosphate buffer—PBS). Modified NPs have shown excellent stability in PBS (pH = 7.4), characterized by XRD, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Biocompatibility was evaluated in-vitro using cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The results show us an increasing of IC50 from 0.110 mg/mL for Fe3O4 NPs to 0.405 mg/mL for Fe3O4-Carborane NPs. The obtained data confirm the biocompatibility and stability of synthesized NPs and the potential to use them in BNCT.

/pdf/fe-o-nanoparticles-for-complex-targeted-delivery-and-boron-2rpmhevqig.pdf

Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Complex Targeted Delivery and Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with highly nonlinear magnetic behavior are attractive for biomedical applications like magnetic particle imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Such particles display interesting magnetic properties in alternating magnetic fields and here we document experiments that show differences between the magnetization dynamics of certain particles in frozen and melted states. This effect goes beyond the small temperature difference ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}T\ensuremath{\sim}20{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\text{C}$) and we show the dynamics to be a mixture of Brownian alignment of the particles and N\'eel rotation of their moments occurring in liquid particle suspensions. These phenomena can be modeled in a stochastic differential equation approach by postulating log-normal distributions and partial Brownian alignment of an effective anisotropy axis. We emphasize that precise particle-specific characterization through experiments and nonlinear simulations is necessary to predict dynamics in solution and optimize their behavior for emerging biomedical applications including magnetic particle imaging.

/pdf/mixed-brownian-alignment-and-neel-rotations-in-3aq4kqyeb4.pdf

Mixed Brownian alignment and Néel rotations in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle suspensions driven by an ac field.

Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), also called magnetization response spectroscopy (MRS), is a versatile measurement tool derived from magnetic particle imaging (MPI). It can be interpreted as a...

Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy: A Short Review of Applications Using Magnetic Nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as a tracer material in sentinel node biopsies. The latter is a procedure to analyze if cancer cells have spread to lymph nodes, helping to personalize patient care. To predict SPION behavior in vivo, it is important to analyze their magnetic properties in biological environments. The superparamagnetic quantifier (SPaQ) is a new device to measure the dynamic magnetization curve of SPIONs. The magnetization curve was measured for two types of SPIONs: Resovist and SHP-25. We used three techniques: Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS), and our new SPaQ. Furthermore, AC susceptibility (ACS) measurements were performed as part of the evaluation of the three techniques. SPaQ and VSM results were found to be similar. Measurement results were nearly identical in both directions, indicating minor hysteresis. However, in MPS measurements, a clear hysteresis loop was observed. Furthermore, the ACS measurements showed a pronounced Brownian maximum, indicating an optimal response for an AC frequency below 10 kHz for both particle systems. Both the SPaQ and MPS were found to be superior to VSM since measurements are faster, can be performed at room temperature, and are particularly sensitive to particle dynamics. The main difference between the SPaQ and MPS lies in the excitation sequence. The SPaQ combines an alternating magnetic field that has a low amplitude with a gradual DC offset, whereas MPS uses only an alternating field that has a large amplitude. In conclusion, both the SPaQ and MPS are highly suited to improve understanding SPION behavior, which will lead to the radical improvement of sentinel node biopsy accuracy.

/pdf/a-novel-characterization-technique-for-superparamagnetic-2zauj9eymp.pdf

A novel characterization technique for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: The superparamagnetic quantifier, compared with magnetic particle spectroscopy.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become a staple tool in the diagnosis of breast cancer By replacing the morbidity-plagued axillary node clearance with removing only those nodes most likely to contain metastases, it has greatly improved the quality of life of many breast cancer patients However, due to the use of ionizing radiation emitted by the technetium-based tracer material, the current sentinel lymph node biopsy has serious drawbacks Most urgently, the reliance on radioisotopes limits the application of this procedure to small parts of the developed world, and it imposes restrictions on patient planning and hospital logistics Magnetic alternatives have been tested in recent years, but all have their own drawbacks, mostly related to interference from metallic instruments and electromagnetic noise coming from the human body In this paper, we demonstrate an alternative approach that utilizes the unique nonlinear magnetic properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to eliminate the drawbacks of both the traditional gamma-radiation centered approach and the novel magnetic techniques pioneered by others Contrary to many other nonlinear magnetic approaches however, field amplitudes are limited to 5 mT, which enables handheld operation without additional cooling We show that excellent mass sensitivity can be obtained without the need for external re-balancing of the probe to negate any influences from the human body Additionally, we show how this approach can be used to suppress artefacts resulting from the presence of metallic instruments, which are a significant dealbreaker when using conventional magnetometry-based approaches

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/61/22/8120/pdf

A handheld SPIO-based sentinel lymph node mapping device using differential magnetometry.

Selective detection of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications using differential magnetometry

https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/76583129/Separation_of_excitation_and_detection_coils_article_november_2018.pdf

Separation of excitation and detection coils for in vivo detection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

http://www.magneticmicrosphere.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/246.pdf

Sebastiaan Waanders

Papers

A novel characterization technique for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: The superparamagnetic quantifier, compared with magnetic particle spectroscopy.

A handheld SPIO-based sentinel lymph node mapping device using differential magnetometry.

Selective detection of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications using differential magnetometry

Separation of excitation and detection coils for in vivo detection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Depth limitations for in vivo magnetic nanoparticle detection with a compact handheld device