Due to the significant advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the healthcare sector, the security, and the integrity of the medical data became big challenges for healthcare services applications. This paper proposes a hybrid security model for securing the diagnostic text data in medical images. The proposed model is developed through integrating either 2-D discrete wavelet transform 1 level (2D-DWT-1L) or 2-D discrete wavelet transform 2 level (2D-DWT-2L) steganography technique with a proposed hybrid encryption scheme. The proposed hybrid encryption schema is built using a combination of Advanced Encryption Standard, and Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman algorithms. The proposed model starts by encrypting the secret data; then it hides the result in a cover image using 2D-DWT-1L or 2D-DWT-2L. Both color and gray-scale images are used as cover images to conceal different text sizes. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated based on six statistical parameters; the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), bit error rate (BER), structural similarity (SSIM), structural content (SC), and correlation. The PSNR values were relatively varied from 50.59 to 57.44 in case of color images and from 50.52 to 56.09 with the gray scale images. The MSE values varied from 0.12 to 0.57 for the color images and from 0.14 to 0.57 for the gray scale images. The BER values were zero for both images, while SSIM, SC, and correlation values were ones for both images. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed model proved its ability to hide the confidential patient’s data into a transmitted cover image with high imperceptibility, capacity, and minimal deterioration in the received stego-image.

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Secure Medical Data Transmission Model for IoT-Based Healthcare Systems

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Digital Signal Processing A Computer Based Approach

Book review: Applied cryptography: Protocols, algorithms, and source code in C

Robust and blind watermarking technique in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient differencing

In this paper, we present a robust and secure watermarking approach using transform domain techniques for tele-health applications. The patient report/identity is embedding into the host medical image for the purpose of authentication, annotation and identification. For better confidentiality, we apply the chaos based encryption algorithm on watermarked image in a less complex manner. Experimental results clearly indicated that the proposed technique is highly robust and sufficient secure for various forms of attacks without any significant distortions between watermarked and cover image. Further, the performance evaluation of our method is found better to existing state-of-the-art watermarking techniques under consideration. Furthermore, quality analysis of the watermarked image is estimated by subjective measure which is beneficial in quality driven healthcare industry.

Multi-layer security of medical data through watermarking and chaotic encryption for tele-health applications

Electronic transmission of the medical images is one of the primary requirements in a typical Electronic-Healthcare (E-Healthcare) system. However this transmission could be liable to hackers who may modify the whole medical image or only a part of it during transit. To guarantee the integrity of a medical image, digital watermarking is being used. This paper presents two different watermarking algorithms for medical images in transform domain. In first technique, a digital watermark and Electronic Patients Record (EPR) have been embedded in both regions; Region of Interest (ROI) and Region of Non-Interest (RONI). In second technique, Region of Interest (ROI) is kept untouched for tele-diagnosis purpose and Region of Non-Interest (RONI) is used to hide the digital watermark and EPR. In either algorithm 8ź×ź8 block based Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) has been used. In each 8ź×ź8 block two DCT coefficients are selected and their magnitudes are compared for embedding the watermark/EPR. The selected coefficients are modified by using a threshold for embedding bit a `0' or bit `1' of the watermark/EPR. The proposed techniques have been found robust not only to singular attacks but also to hybrid attacks. Comparison results viz-a - viz payload and robustness show that the proposed techniques perform better than some existing state of art techniques. As such the proposed algorithms could be useful for e-healthcare systems.

Information hiding in medical images: a robust medical image watermarking system for E-healthcare

Hiding clinical information in medical images

This paper presents a chaotic encryption-based blind digital image watermarking technique applicable to both grayscale and color images. Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is used before embedding the watermark in the host image. The host image is divided into $8\times 8$ nonoverlapping blocks prior to DCT application, and the watermark bit is embedded by modifying difference between DCT coefficients of adjacent blocks. Arnold transform is used in addition to chaotic encryption to add double-layer security to the watermark. Three different variants of the proposed algorithm have been tested and analyzed. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is robust to most of the image processing operations like joint picture expert group compression, sharpening, cropping, and median filtering. To validate the efficiency of the proposed technique, the simulation results are compared with certain state-of-art techniques. The comparison results illustrate that the proposed scheme performs better in terms of robustness, security, and imperceptivity. Given the merits of the proposed scheme, it can be used in applications like e-healthcare and telemedicine to robustly hide electronic health records in medical images.

Shabir A. Parah

Papers

Robust and blind watermarking technique in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient differencing

Information hiding in medical images: a robust medical image watermarking system for E-healthcare

Hiding clinical information in medical images

Secure and Robust Digital Image Watermarking Using Coefficient Differencing and Chaotic Encryption

Dual watermarking framework for privacy protection and content authentication of multimedia