Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: A state-of-the-art review

PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/2013/GC/C2GC36364J

Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids

The Report, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (generally referred to as the Billion-Ton Study or 2005 BTS), was an estimate of “potential” biomass within the contiguous United States based on numerous assumptions about current and
future inventory and production capacity, availability, and technology. In the 2005 BTS, a strategic analysis was undertaken to determine if U.S. agriculture and forest resources have the capability to potentially produce at least one billion dry tons of biomass annually, in a sustainable manner—enough to displace approximately
30% of the country’s present petroleum consumption. To ensure reasonable confidence in the study results, an effort was made to use relatively conservative assumptions. However, for both agriculture and forestry, the resource potential was not restricted by price. That is, all identified biomass was potentially available, even though some potential feedstock would more than likely be too expensive to actually be economically available.
In addition to updating the 2005 study, this report attempts to address a number of its shortcomings

/pdf/u-s-billion-ton-update-biomass-supply-for-a-bioenergy-and-39t7zcevg2.pdf

U.S. Billion-ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry

Furfural offers a promising, rich platform for lignocellulosic biofuels. These include methylfuran and methyltetrahydrofuran, valerate esters, ethylfurfuryl and ethyltetrahydrofurfuryl ethers as well as various C(10)-C(15) coupling products. The various production routes are critically reviewed, and the needs for improvements are identified. Their relative industrial potential is analysed by defining an investment index and CO(2) emissions as well as determining the fuel properties for the resulting products. Finally, the most promising candidate, 2-methylfuran, was subjected to a road trial of 90,000 km in a gasoline blend. Importantly, the potential of the furfural platform relies heavily on the cost-competitive production of furfural from lignocellulosic feedstock. Conventional standalone and emerging coproduct processes-for example, as a coproduct of cellulosic ethanol, levulinic acid or hydroxymethyl furfural-are expensive and energetically demanding. Challenges and areas that need improvement are highlighted. In addition to providing a critical review of the literature, this paper also presents new results and analysis in this area.

Furfural—A Promising Platform for Lignocellulosic Biofuels

Experimental Evaluation, Simulation and Optimization of a Commercial Heated-Air Batch Hay Drier: Part 2, Computer Simulation and Optimization of Hay Drier Performance

Economic Feasibility of Using Heat Exchangers in Ventilation of Animal Buildings

Energy pellets from whole-wheat straw processed with a deep eutectic solvent: A comprehensive thermal, molecular and environmental evaluation

Intergranular air movement and its relation with moving drying fmnt in a grain bulk were investigated experimentally. An improved computer simulation model was developed to analyze the drying or cooling process in a bed of grain with non-parallel airflow from a partially or slanted perforated floor. The model first simulates the airflow, then calc lates the heat and mass transfer between air and grain along the airflow streamlines. The results were compared with the simulated and experimental results from a fully perforated floor configuration. The degree of agreement between the computed and the experimental moisture contents depended upon the floor configuration. The model was not capable of predicting the temperatures to the accuracy of the predicted moisture contents, especially when airflow stream lines were not parallel to each other. For further improvement of the drying simulation model, an improved airflow model and computer program is required. Comparison of the simulated results with e...

Intergranular Air Movement and Grain Drying in Silos with Fully, Partially and Slanted Perforated Floor

Linear action of forcing biomass materials through a grid of interlocking knives is an alternative method of size reduction, contrast to rotary action involved in existing size reduction machines. A laboratory-scale linear action knife grid device prototype developed earlier was used to determine the size reduction characteristics of selected biomass, namely, corn stalks and switchgrass at several material and operating conditions. This study was aimed at determining and comparing the ultimate cutting stresses and cutting energy variation between corn stalks and switchgrass, moisture conditions (high- and low-moisture), knife grid spacing (25.4, 50.8, and 101.6 mm), and packed bed depth (50.8, 101.6, and 152.4 mm). The device is composed of ram – attached to crosshead of universal testing machine (UTM), feed block – holds feed, knife grid –arranged at variable grid spacing, knife holder block – holds knife grid, and product block – collects product, and the whole assembly is tested in UTM fitted with 222.41 kN (5000 lb) load cell. New surface area generated during size reduction was evaluated based on circle packing theory. Ultimate cutting stresses were evaluated as the ratio of peak load to the cutting plane area (MPa) represented by the knife grid. Cutting energies were evaluated from the area under load-displacement curves and expressed in moisture free basis mass-based energy (MJ/dry Mg) and new surface area-based energy (kJ/m2). Overall results indicated that ultimate cutting stress and cutting energy of corn stalks were significantly (P<0.05) greater (2.2 times) than that of switchgrass. High-moisture material required significantly greater stress and energy (1.3 times) than low-moisture material. Grid spacing produced significant difference in cutting energy but not with ultimate cutting stress. Energy values required in size reduction using linear knife grid device was much smaller than that reported for similar biomass using other methods of size reduction. Therefore, a pre-processing machine, based on linear knife grid principle, with 50 to 100 mm and greater grid spacing would be an efficient first stage size reduction for biomass materials.

/pdf/size-reduction-of-wet-and-dry-biomass-by-linear-knife-grid-qaiay3v3js.pdf

Shahab Sokhansanj

Papers

Experimental Evaluation, Simulation and Optimization of a Commercial Heated-Air Batch Hay Drier: Part 2, Computer Simulation and Optimization of Hay Drier Performance

Economic Feasibility of Using Heat Exchangers in Ventilation of Animal Buildings

Energy pellets from whole-wheat straw processed with a deep eutectic solvent: A comprehensive thermal, molecular and environmental evaluation

Intergranular Air Movement and Grain Drying in Silos with Fully, Partially and Slanted Perforated Floor

Size Reduction of Wet and Dry Biomass by Linear Knife Grid Device