Abstract The coupling between light and collective oscillations of free carriers at metallic surfaces and nanostructures is at the origin of one of the main fields of nanophotonics: plasmonics. The potential applications offered by plasmonics range from biosensing to solar cell technologies and from nonlinear optics at the nanoscale to light harvesting and extraction in nanophotonic devices. Heavily doped semiconductors are particularly appealing for the infrared spectral window due to their compatibility with microelectronic technologies, which paves the way toward their integration in low-cost, mass-fabricated devices. In addition, their plasma frequency can be tuned chemically, optically, or electrically over a broad spectral range. This review covers the optical properties of the heavily doped conventional semiconductors such as Ge, Si, or III–V alloys and how they can be successfully employed in plasmonics. The modeling of their specific optical properties and the technological processes to realize nanoantennas, slits, or metasurfaces are presented. We also provide an overview of the applications of this young field of research, mainly focusing on biosensing and active devices, among the most recent developments in semiconductor plasmonics. Finally, an outlook of further research directions and the potential technological transfer is presented.

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Semiconductor infrared plasmonics

Some of the optical effects produced by plasmonic nanoparticles have been known since antiquity. However, the physical understanding of these properties only began in the first decade of the 20th century. The discovery of the dispersion relation of surface plasmons, almost 40 years later, unified the physical description of the plasmonic phenomena. Later, advances in nanofabrication initiated a revolution in the preparation of metallic nanostructures supporting surface plasmons. In parallel, modern electromagnetic computational methods have permitted the theoretical investigation of the optics of nanoscale and tailor plasmonic particles for experiments. A large range of applications based on the properties of surface plasmons has been recently developed, namely, strong light localization, elastic and inelastic scattering of light and interaction between optical and other physical properties of matter.In this topical review I address the preparation techniques of single plasmonic nanostructures, supported in homogeneous media or on substrates, and the study of their optical properties by experimental and theoretical methods. In the last decade new research directions were initiated towards metamaterials, nanoantennas, plasmonic trapping and heating. The study of quantum effects in plasmonic nanoparticles has attracted broad attention. A summary of the latest developments is presented.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/47/21/213001/pdf

Plasmonic nanoparticles: fabrication, simulation and experiments

An optical sensor for the dengue virus (DENV) E-protein based on cadmium sulfide quantum dots composited with amine functionalized graphene oxide (CdS-NH2GO) thin film was successfully developed. A specific monoclonal antibodies (IgM) were covalently attached to CdS-NH2GO via EDC/NHS coupling to sense targeted E-proteins. The SPR sensor exhibited an excellent detection limit (0.001 nM/1 pM) with sensitivity of 5.49° nM−1 for the detection of DENV E-protein. The binding affinity, as well as the performance of the Au/CdS-NH2GO/EDC-NHS/IgM film, was successfully obtained at 486.54 nM−1 in detecting DENV E-proteins. These results indicated that the Au/CdS-NH2GO/EDC-NHS/IgM film shows high potential sensitive and stronger binding towards DENV E-protein.

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Sensitive surface plasmon resonance performance of cadmium sulfide quantum dots-amine functionalized graphene oxide based thin film towards dengue virus E-protein

DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. A Toxicological Profile for strontium, Draft for Public Comment was released in July 2001. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: vi Background Information The toxicological profiles are developed by ATSDR pursuant to Section 104(i) (3) and (5) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund) for hazardous substances found at Department of Energy (DOE) waste sites. CERCLA directs ATSDR to prepare toxicological profiles for hazardous substances most commonly found at facilities on the CERCLA National Priorities List (NPL) and that pose the most significant potential threat to human health, as determined by ATSDR and the EPA. ATSDR and DOE entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on November 4, 1992 which provided that ATSDR would prepare toxicological profiles for hazardous substances based upon ATSDR=s or DOE=s identification of need. The current ATSDR priority list of hazardous substances at DOE NPL sites was announced in the Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance's relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. Chapter 3: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section. NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily observed in the clinical setting. Please refer to the Public Health Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure. The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR Information Center: Case Studies in …

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Toxicological profile for strontium

Strontium and strontium compounds

A semiconductor prism coupler based nano-plasmonic sensor consisting of a high refractive index (RI) silicon prism, a gold (Au) metal film and different amino acids was used as a dielectric sample for sensing in the in the Attenuated Total Internal Reflection (ATIR) mode. An additional silicon nano-layer has been used for increasing stability and sensitivity of the surface plasmon resonance-sensor which causes enhancement of the evanescent field near the metal-analyte interface compared to the traditional three layer structure. Positional swap of the silicon nano-layer from above the metal surface to below the metal surface causes further enhances of the evanescent field near the metal-analyte interface. Performance of the nano-plasmonic sensors depending upon the high refractive index silicon prism, additional silicon nano-layer and swapping mechanism is discussed with the help of sensing performance for different amino acids with corresponding image response for the proposed nano-plasmonic sensor in a MATLAB environment.

Analysis of Silicon Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors with Different Amino Acids

In this paper we report an experimental investigation on the observation of surface plasmon resonance at the metal- dielectric interface of silver coated tapered light guiding glass rods of different dimensions. Chemical deposition technique has been used for metallic deposition of silver on the Tapered glass rod. Angular interrogation in Kretschmann- like configuration of this non-planar (cylindrical) structure is used to locate the resonance dip in the reflectance mea- surement. Fabrication simplicity, in addition to the inherent advantage of using different types of tapered structures, makes this study important in the development of nanoplasmonics. The experimental study is accompanied by some interesting results.

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Experimental Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance Using Tapered Cylindrical Light Guides with Metal-Dielectric Interface

The admittance loci method plays an important role in the design of multilayer thin film structures. In this paper, admittance loci method has been explored theoretically for sensing of various chemical and biological samples based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon. A dielectric multilayer structure consisting of a Boro silicate glass (BSG) substrate, calcium fluoride (CaF2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) along with different dielectric layers has been investigated. Moreover, admittance loci as well as SPR curves of metal-dielectric multilayer structure consisting of the BSG prism, gold metal film and various dielectric samples have been simulated in MATLAB environment. To validate the proposed simulation results, calibration curves have also been provided.

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Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensing of Different Chemical and Biological Samples Using Admittance Loci Method

In the present work, we have explored the field of surface plasmon resonance by analyzing the evanescent field enhancement, shift of resonance position and phase-jump using high index semiconductor prism material for three different nano-plasmonic structures namely, germanium–metal–analyte (GMA), germanium–silicon–metal–analyte (GSMA), germanium–metal–silicon–analyte (GMSA) in both visible and infrared wavelength region employing angular and wavelength interrogation modes. Differential phase and differential reflectance with change of refractive index of the sensing medium have also been discussed. Enhanced sensitivity and adequate dynamic range are other inevitable advantages offered by such configurations. Performance of these structures has been analyzed in terms of figure of merit and detection accuracy.

Performance analysis of semiconductor based surface plasmon resonance structures

Oral administration of different concentrations of Strontium chloride to laboratory bred mice in vivo induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cell metaphase preparations. The degree of clastogenicity was directly proportional to concentration used at 6, 12, and 24 h of treatment. Duration of treatment could only be related positively in the lower doses. The females showed greater susceptibility than the males at all concentrations used.

Sharmila Ghosh

Papers

Analysis of Silicon Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors with Different Amino Acids

Experimental Investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance Using Tapered Cylindrical Light Guides with Metal-Dielectric Interface

Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensing of Different Chemical and Biological Samples Using Admittance Loci Method

Performance analysis of semiconductor based surface plasmon resonance structures

Clastogenic activity of strontium chloride on bone marrow cells in vivo.