Recently, there is a strong interest in developing wireless sensor network (WSN) techniques and important applications for moving vehicles, to enable WSN communication between roadside and vehicles or between vehicles. Wireless vehicular sensor networks (VSNs) using all kinds of routing algorithms of low-energy efficiency has recently received considerable attention. Clustering algorithm has a significant impact on the operation of WSN. Effective clustering algorithm leads WSN to operate efficiently. Hierarchical clustering is a new clustering scheme in WSN. This study presents a novel vehicular clustering scheme integrating hierarchical clustering on the basis of classical routing algorithm. Simulation results show that the new scheme efficiently mitigates the hot spot problem in WSN and achieves much improvement in network lifetime and load balance compared to the old algorithm which is Direct, LEACH and DCHS.

Multi-layer clustering routing algorithm for wireless vehicular sensor networks

Introducing mobility to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) puts new challenges particularly in designing of routing protocols. Mobility can be applied to the sensor nodes and/or the sink node in the network. Many routing protocols have been developed to support the mobility of WSNs. These protocols are divided depending on the routing structure into hierarchical-based, flat-based, and location-based routing protocols. However, the hierarchical-based routing protocols outperform the other routing types in saving energy, scalability, and extending lifetime of Mobile WSNs (MWSNs). Selecting an appropriate hierarchical routing protocol for specific applications is an important and difficult task. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing some of the recently hierarchical-based routing protocols that are developed in the last five years for MWSNs. This survey divides the hierarchical-based routing protocols into two broad groups, namely, classical-based and optimized-based routing protocols. Also, we present a detailed classification of the reviewed protocols according to the routing approach, control manner, mobile element, mobility pattern, network architecture, clustering attributes, protocol operation, path establishment, communication paradigm, energy model, protocol objectives, and applications. Moreover, a comparison between the reviewed protocols is investigated in this survey depending on delay, network size, energy-efficiency, and scalability while mentioning the advantages and drawbacks of each protocol. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with future directions.

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A Comprehensive Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Review, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been considered as a promising method for reliably monitoring both civil and military environments under hazardous or dangerous conditions. Due to such environments, the power supplies for sensors in the network are not usually rechargeable or replaceable. Therefore, the energy efficiency is critical for the lifetime and cost of WSN. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to reduce the impact of communication protocols on the overall energy dissipation of WSN. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and another improved centralized LEACH deploy randomized rotation of cluster-heads to evenly distribute the energy load among all sensors in a WSN. This paper proposes an improved LEACH (LEACH-C) algorithm called partition-based LEACH (pLEACH), which firstly partitions the network into optimal number of sectors, and then selects the node with the highest energy as the head for each sector, using the centralized calculations. The simulation results and analysis show that pLEACH could achieve much better performance of WSN in terms of the energy dissipation, network lifetime and quality of communication.

An Energy Balancing LEACH Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

The paper presents a new version of leach protocol called Improved VLEACH which aims to increase network life time. In this paper we first completely analysed the typical clustering Routing Protocol-LEACH and its deficiencies and proposed improved v-leach. The work to be done in improved v-leach protocol on selection of vice cluster head. The Vice Cluster head is that alternate head that will work only when the cluster head will die. The process of vice cluster head selection on the basis of three factors i.e. Minimum distance, maximum residual energy, and minimum energy. The proposed approach will improve the network life as never the cluster head will die. As a cluster head will die it will be replaced by it's vice Cluster head. After a number of simulations, it was found that the new version of improved v-LEACH outperforms the original version of leach protocol by increasing the network life time 49.37%.

An Extended Vice-Cluster Selection Approach to Improve V Leach Protocol in WSN

In this paper, a hierarchical clustering protocol for long-lived sensor network is proposed. EADEEG (an energy-aware data gathering protocol for wireless sensor networks) achieves a good performance in terms of lifetime by minimizing energy consumption for communications and balancing the energy load among all nodes. EADEEG adopts a new clustering parameter for cluster head election, which can better handle the hetergenous energy capacities. Furthermore, it also adopts a simple but efficient approach, namely intra-cluster coverage to cope with the fractional area coverage problem. Through turning off redundant nodes, while the remaining nodes stay active to provide continuous service, the network lifetime can be significantly prolonged. Experimental results have shown that EADEEG can satisfy the desired coverage fraction and outperform LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy), PEGASIS (power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems) and DEEG (distributed energy-efficient data gathering and aggregation protocol) in terms of network lifetime.

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EADEEG:An Energy-Aware Data Gathering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Routing technology at the network layer is pivotal in the architecture of wireless sensor networks. As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols excel in network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on. In this paper, cluster-based routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks are analyzed. Cluster head selection, cluster formation and data transmission are three key techniques in cluster-based routing protocols. As viewed from the three techniques, recent representative cluster-based routing protocols are presented, and their characteristics and application areas are compared. Finally, the future research issues in this area are pointed out.

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Shen Bo

Papers

Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks