I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3 edition (beta version), may be reproduced freely for scientific, educational or clinical uses by institutions, societies or individuals. Otherwise, copyright belongs exclusively to the International Headache Society. Reproduction of any part or parts in any manner for commercial uses requires the Society’s permission, which will be granted on payment of a fee. Please contact the publisher at the address below. International Headache Society 2013. Applications for copyright permissions should be submitted to Sage Publications Ltd, 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP, United Kingdom (tel: þ44 (0) 20 7324 8500; fax: þ44 (0) 207 324 8600) (www.sagepub.co.uk). Translations

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/89115/1/89115.pdf

The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version)

Authors Jan L. Brozek, MD, PhD – Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Jean Bousquet, MD, PhD – Service des Maladies Respiratoires, Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France, INSERM, CESP U1018, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Team, France, and WHO Collaborating Center for Rhinitis and Asthma Carlos E. Baena-Cagnani, MD – Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina Sergio Bonini, MD – Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine – CNR, Rome, Italy and Department of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy G. Walter Canonica, MD – Allergy & Respiratory Diseases, DIMI, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Thomas B. Casale, MD – Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Roy Gerth van Wijk, MD, PhD – Section of Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Ken Ohta, MD, PhD – Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Torsten Zuberbier, MD – Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Holger J. Schunemann, MD, PhD, MSc – Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

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Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma

Summary Background Through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) studies, headache has emerged as a major global public health concern. We aimed to use data from the GBD 2016 study to provide new estimates for prevalence and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for migraine and tension-type headache and to present the methods and results in an accessible way for clinicians and researchers of headache disorders. Methods Data were derived from population-based cross-sectional surveys on migraine and tension-type headache. Prevalence for each sex and 5-year age group interval (ie, age 5 years to ≥95 years) at different time points from 1990 and 2016 in all countries and GBD regions were estimated using a Bayesian meta-regression model. Disease burden measured in YLDs was calculated from prevalence and average time spent with headache multiplied by disability weights (a measure of the relative severity of the disabling consequence of a disease). The burden stemming from medication overuse headache, which was included in earlier iterations of GBD as a separate cause, was subsumed as a sequela of either migraine or tension-type headache. Because no deaths were assigned to headaches as the underlying cause, YLDs equate to disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings Almost three billion individuals were estimated to have a migraine or tension-type headache in 2016: 1·89 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·71–2·10) with tension-type headache and 1·04 billion (95% UI 1·00–1·09) with migraine. However, because migraine had a much higher disability weight than tension-type headache, migraine caused 45·1 million (95% UI 29·0–62·8) and tension-type headache only 7·2 million (95% UI 4·6–10·5) YLDs globally in 2016. The headaches were most burdensome in women between ages 15 and 49 years, with migraine causing 20·3 million (95% UI 12·9–28·5) and tension-type headache 2·9 million (95% UI 1·8–4·2) YLDs in 2016, which was 11·2% of all YLDs in this age group and sex. Age-standardised DALYs for each headache type showed a small increase as SDI increased. Interpretation Although current estimates are based on limited data, our study shows that headache disorders, and migraine in particular, are important causes of disability worldwide, and deserve greater attention in health policy debates and research resource allocation. Future iterations of this study, based on sources from additional countries and with less methodological heterogeneity, should help to provide stronger evidence of the need for action. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Developing and implementing successful interventions often depend upon effectively addressing ethnicity and social class factors, as these influence sexual behavior and its risks. Sexual attitudes differ across cultures. In most cultures, there are strong standards regarding sexual behavior which differ for men and women. Cultural differences also affect the extent to which early sexual behavior is considered acceptable.

Guidelines for Prevention, I

Background Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is considered a heterogeneous disease because of its highly variable clinical manifestations. To date, there are no reports of NIID patients presenting with hemiplegic migraine (HM)-like headache, or of HM and NIID co-occurring as comorbidity, and the connection between these 2 seemingly unrelated clinical conditions has yet to be established. Method We present a patient with NIID who was previously diagnosed with HM. To determine the pathogenesis of HM in this NIID patient, we systematically reviewed published NIID and HM cases and cataloged them based on their clinical manifestations. Result The clinical manifestations of NIID is highly various; however, there is no case reported to date that shows HM-like symptoms or cerebral edema. All documented symptomatic HM cases show vascular dysfunction to various degrees, but none of them has been shown to be correlated with NIID. Conclusion Our patient is the first documented case in which HM and NIID occur simultaneously. Vascular dysfunctions that cause cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism, two of the dominant causes of symptomatic HM, may be associated with the accumulation of eosinophilic hyaline inclusions that cause NIID. However, the existence of inclusions may also alter neuronal behavior and indirectly cause cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism. Further research and observations are needed to examine the relationship between HM and NIID.

Interrelated Pathogenesis? Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease Combining With Hemiplegic Migraine

Clinical and preclinical studies have implicated serotonin (5-HT) and the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) in the pathogenesis of medication-overuse headache (MOH). However, with no appropriate animal model to study this phenomenon it is difficult to differentiate the effects of chronic exposure to analgesics from the consequences of frequent headache attacks during the development of MOH. Therefore, this study used a novel animal model of MOH established by a combination of the overuse of rizatriptan (RIZ) and stimulation with dural inflammatory soup (IS) to investigate whether 5-HT and 5-HT2AR are involved in central plasticity and hyperalgesia. Similar to an IS infusion, IS-RIZ treatment induced nociception-related behaviours in Sprague-Dawley rats and increased Fos expression in the cortex and trigeminal pathway, whereas the RIZ injection alone did not. In addition, overuse of RIZ, administration of an IS stimulus, and a combination of these treatments, decreased the periorbital withdrawal threshold, with IS-RIZ treatment having the most significant effects. Both chronic RIZ exposure and recurring nociception decreased 5-HT expression, whereas IS-RIZ treatment led to decreased expression of 5-HT and upregulation of 5-HT2AR, which was positively correlated with Fos activation. These findings suggest that overuse of RIZ does not directly induce pain via the activation of nociceptive pathways but may increase hyperalgesia by influencing the pain modulation system. Furthermore, decreased 5-HT levels and upregulation of 5-HT2AR may play important roles in this system. Taken together, these findings indicate that medication overuse and frequent headache attacks can promote the neural plasticity associated with MOH.

Rizatriptan overuse promotes hyperalgesia induced by dural inflammatory stimulation in rats by modulation of the serotonin system.

Background Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder. However, its pathogenesis is still unclear. This study aimed to measure the posterior ocular structure in patients with migraine using enhanced depth imaging (EDI)-optical coherence tomography (OCT) and explore the probable pathogenesis of migraine. Methods A total of 115 patients diagnosed with migraine and 50 healthy volunteers were recruited. These participants underwent an ocular examination to exclude the ocular diseases. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macular thickness, and choroid thickness were assessed using EDI-OCT. Results The nasal peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) was significantly thinner in the migraine with aura group (p = 0.001) than that in the control group. The inferior inner macular layer was thinner in the migraine with aura group (p = 0.005). The 3 subfields of choroid were significantly thinner in the migraine with aura group (p = 0.044, 0.008, and 0.029). However, there was no difference between the migraine without aura group and the control group. The nasal pRNFL in migraine with aura was negatively correlated with the product of duration (months) and number of attacks/month (p = 0.039). Conclusion The changes in the ocular posterior structure may serve as evidence of the trigeminovascular system mechanism underlying migraine and transneuronal retrograde degeneration of the primary visual cortex, which reflects the cortical spreading depression.

Altered Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Choroid Thickness in Patients with Migraine.

Cardiac cephalalgia (CC) is a rare disease occurring during an episode of myocardial ischemia and relieved by nitroglycerine. Though more than 30 cases of CC have been reported since 1997, the mechanism is yet obscure. Herein, a case of CC is presented and discussed in relevance with previous literature to propose a novel hypothesis about the mechanism of CC. A CC patient with cortical hypoperfusion during headache attacks was presented, which has never been reported. All published cases of CC via PubMed (
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
 ) in English literature, between 1997 and 2016, were reviewed. A patient suffering from CC presented a cerebral hypoperfusion during a headache attack. This phenomenon had not been observed since CC was introduced in 1997. The literature review summarized the clinical presentations, neuroimaging features, ECG, and coronary angiography features of 35 CC patients. Based on the phenomenon of hypoperfusion in the event of a headache, the vessel constriction hypothesis was proposed including two potential physiological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of CC.

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Cardiac cephalalgia: one case with cortical hypoperfusion in headaches and literature review.

Purpose: Aspergillosis of the central nervous system is very rare. However with recent increases in the use of immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics, its incidence is increasing. We evaluated th...

Shengyuan Yu

Papers

Interrelated Pathogenesis? Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease Combining With Hemiplegic Migraine

Rizatriptan overuse promotes hyperalgesia induced by dural inflammatory stimulation in rats by modulation of the serotonin system.

Altered Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Choroid Thickness in Patients with Migraine.

Cardiac cephalalgia: one case with cortical hypoperfusion in headaches and literature review.

Cerebral aspergillosis: a retrospective analysis of eight cases.