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Using Multivariate Statistics

Objectives. To understand how Twitter bots and trolls (“bots”) promote online health content.Methods. We compared bots’ to average users’ rates of vaccine-relevant messages, which we collected online from July 2014 through September 2017. We estimated the likelihood that users were bots, comparing proportions of polarized and antivaccine tweets across user types. We conducted a content analysis of a Twitter hashtag associated with Russian troll activity.Results. Compared with average users, Russian trolls (χ2(1) = 102.0; P < .001), sophisticated bots (χ2(1) = 28.6; P < .001), and “content polluters” (χ2(1) = 7.0; P < .001) tweeted about vaccination at higher rates. Whereas content polluters posted more antivaccine content (χ2(1) = 11.18; P < .001), Russian trolls amplified both sides. Unidentifiable accounts were more polarized (χ2(1) = 12.1; P < .001) and antivaccine (χ2(1) = 35.9; P < .001). Analysis of the Russian troll hashtag showed that its messages were more political and divisive.Conclusions. Wher...

Weaponized Health Communication: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate

2005년 담배규제기본협약이 발효된 후 현재 2009년 현재 164개국이 그 협약에 비준한 상태이다. 비준국들은 기준 협약이 정한 기준에 맞추어 담배규제와 관련한 국내법적 조치들을 취하고 있다. 미국의 경우에도 2009년 6월 가족금연 및 담배규제법을 제정하여 통과시킴으로써 담배규제에 관한 새로운 전기를 맞게 되었다. 미국의 가족 금연 및 담배규제법의 중심적인 내용은 FDA에게 담배규제에 관한 포괄적인 권한을 부여하고, 담배수요를 억제하기 위한 조치로서 담배제조업자 및 수입업자로 하여금 보건부 장관에게 담배성분 및 첨가물 등에 대한 구체적인 정보를 제공하도록 하고 있다. 또한 담배포장 및 표시 규제와 관련하여 소비자를 오도할 수 있는 표시를 금지하는 한편, 담배광고 판촉 등에 대한 규제 권한을 연방의회에 부여하고 있다. 그리고 담배공급 감소조치로서는 불법담배의 거래를 방지하기 위해 라벨링, 검사, 기록 등을 유지하도록 하고 특히 기존의 법안들이 미성년자의 담배 구매 및 판매를 줄이기에는 미흡한 점이 있음을 인식하고 이 법안에서 보다 구체적이고 포괄적으로 규제를 강화하였다. 우리나라의 경우에도 기본협약의 비준국가로서 국내법적 조치를 취할 의무를 부담하고 있는데, 담배규제법안을 마련함에 있어 미국을 비롯한 다른 나라의 입법례들을 참고할 필요가 있다. 또한 담배규제법안의 규정방향을 정함에 있어서 몇 가지 고려해야 할 법적 쟁점들이 있다. 우선 흡연권의 기본권성 인정 여부와 관련하여 그 흡연권의 기본권성을 부정하는 입장에 섬으로써 담배와 관련한 규제의 정당성을 부여받을 수 있고, 또한 담배사업은 현 세대 뿐만 아니라 미래세대에 유해한 영향을 미치는 것으로 헌법적으로 보호받을 가치가 없는 것이다. 따라서 담배광고에 대한 포괄적인 금지 조치를 취하는 것이 우리 헌법적 원칙에 위배된다고 할 수 없다. 그리고 현행 담배사업법과 국민건강증진법으로 이원화되어 있는 법을 담배규제법안으로 일원화함으로써 담배규제를 효율적이고 통일적으로 수행해나갈 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 이러한 기본적 사항들을 염두에 두고서 담배규제법안을 마련함에 있어서 미국 등 외국의 법들을 참고하여 보다 구체적이고 명확하게 담배규제를 할 수 있는 법안을 마련하여야 할 것이다.

미국의 가족금연 및 담배규제법(Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act) 제정을 통해 본 우리의 입법과제

http://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/30/1/185.2.full.pdf

Code of medical ethics.

During the early phase of the coronavirus disease epidemic in Hong Kong, 1,715 survey respondents reported high levels of perceived risk, mild anxiety, and adoption of personal-hygiene, travel-avoidance, and social-distancing measures. Widely adopted individual precautionary measures, coupled with early government actions, might slow transmission early in the outbreak.

/pdf/community-responses-during-early-phase-of-covid-19-epidemic-1uu14cihue.pdf

Community Responses during Early Phase of COVID-19 Epidemic, Hong Kong.

Geographic and demographic correlates of autism-related anti-vaccine beliefs on Twitter, 2009-15.

Communicating with diverse patients: How patient and clinician factors affect disparities.

Risk perceptions, an important determinant of positive behavioral change, are often conceptualized as an additive or multiplicative index of two concepts: susceptibility to and severity of a health risk. Susceptibility is the possibility of experiencing a health risk, whereas severity is its seriousness or harmfulness. This article challenged the current theorization of risk perceptions. To demonstrate the differential perceptions of susceptibility and severity, two self-report studies (N = 70, each) and one reaction time study (N = 476) provided data on 50 health conditions that varied on several risk characteristics (e.g., prevalence, personal experience). Results showed that susceptibility and severity were two distinct, inversely related concepts. Perceived susceptibility and severity varied by risk characteristics, mainly prevalence (i.e., how common a health risk was perceived to be). Self-report data showed that a progressive increase in perceptions of a health risk prevalence rates was associated ...

Parsing susceptibility and severity dimensions of health risk perceptions.

Objective Under US law, tobacco product marketing may claim lower exposure to chemicals, or lower risk of health harms, only if these claims do not mislead the public. We sought to examine the impact of such marketing claims about potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs). Methods Participants were national samples of 4797 adults and 969 adolescent US smokers and non-smokers. We provided information about a potential MRTP (heated tobacco product, electronic cigarette or snus). Experiment 1 stated that the MRTP was as harmful as cigarettes or less harmful (lower risk claim). Experiment 2 stated that the MRTP exposed users to a similar quantity of harmful chemicals as cigarettes or to fewer chemicals (lower exposure claim). Results Claiming lower risk led to lower perceived quantity of chemicals and lower perceived risk among adults and adolescents (all p Discussion Risk and exposure claims acted similarly on MRTP beliefs. Lower exposure claims misled the public to perceive lower perceived risk even though no lower risk claim was explicitly made, which is impermissible under US law.

https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/27/Suppl_1/s62.full.pdf

Impact of modified risk tobacco product claims on beliefs of US adults and adolescents

OBJECTIVES: Examine racial/ethnic differences in smoking susceptibility among US youth nonsmokers over time and age.

METHODS: We used nationally representative samples of youths who never tried cigarettes ( N = 143 917; age, 9–21, mean, 14.01 years) from National Youth Tobacco Survey, 1999 to 2014. We used time-varying effect modeling to examine nonlinear trends in smoking susceptibility adjusted for demographics, living with smokers, and exposure to tobacco advertising.

RESULTS: Compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHWs), Hispanics were more susceptible to smoking from 1999 to 2014 (highest adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.67 in 2012). Non-Hispanic blacks were less susceptible to smoking than NHWs from 2000 to 2009 (lowest aOR, 0.80 in 2003–2005). Non-Hispanic Asian Americans were less susceptible to smoking from 2000 to 2009 (aOR, 0.83), after which they did not differ from NHWs. Other non-Hispanics were more susceptible to smoking than NHWs from 2012 to 2014 (highest aOR, 1.40 in 2014). Compared with NHWs, non-Hispanic blacks and other non-Hispanics were more susceptible to smoking at ages 11 to 13 (highest aOR, 1.22 at age 11.5 ) and 12 to 14 (highest aOR, 1.27 at age 12 ), respectively. Hispanics were more susceptible to smoking throughout adolescence peaking at age 12 (aOR, 1.60) and age 16.5 (aOR, 1.46). Non-Hispanic Asian Americans were less susceptible to smoking at ages 11 to 15 (lowest aOR, 0.76 at ages 11–13 ).

CONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic disparities in smoking susceptibility persisted over time among US youth nonsmokers, especially at ages 11 to 13 . Interventions to combat smoking susceptibility are needed.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/5/e20161254.full.pdf

Sherine El-Toukhy

Papers

Geographic and demographic correlates of autism-related anti-vaccine beliefs on Twitter, 2009-15.

Communicating with diverse patients: How patient and clinician factors affect disparities.

Parsing susceptibility and severity dimensions of health risk perceptions.

Impact of modified risk tobacco product claims on beliefs of US adults and adolescents

Trends in Susceptibility to Smoking by Race and Ethnicity.