An endoscopic bipolar forceps includes an elongated shaft having opposing jaw members at a distal end thereof. The jaw members are movable relative to one another from a first position wherein the jaw members are disposed in spaced relation relative to one another to a second position wherein the jaw members cooperate to grasp tissue therebetween. The forceps also includes a source of electrical energy connected to each jaw member such that the jaw members are capable of conducting energy through tissue held therebetween to effect a seal. A generally tube-like cutter is included which is slidably engaged about the elongated shaft and which is selectively movable about the elongated shaft to engage and cut tissue on at least one side of the jaw members while the tissue is engaged between jaw members.

Vessel sealer and divider

In recent years, a large amount of work on chaos-based cryptosystems have been published. However, many of the proposed schemes fail to explain or do not possess a number of features that are fundamentally important to all kind of cryptosystems. As a result, many proposed systems are difficult to implement in practice with a reasonable degree of security. Likewise, they are seldom accompanied by a thorough security analysis. Consequently, it is difficult for other researchers and end users to evaluate their security and performance. This work is intended to provide a common framework of basic guidelines that, if followed, could benefit every new cryptosystem. The suggested guidelines address three main issues: implementation, key management and security analysis, aiming at assisting designers of new cryptosystems to present their work in a more systematic and rigorous way to fulfill some basic cryptographic requirements. Meanwhile, several recommendations are made regarding some practical aspects of analog chaos-based secure communications, such as channel noise, limited bandwith and attenuation.

/pdf/some-basic-cryptographic-requirements-for-chaos-based-4qsyrod8nl.pdf

Some basic cryptographic requirements for chaos-based cryptosystems

The solid-state lighting is revolutionizing the indoor illumination. Current incandescent and fluorescent lamps are being replaced by the LEDs at a rapid pace. Apart from extremely high energy efficiency, the LEDs have other advantages such as longer lifespan, lower heat generation, and improved color rendering without using harmful chemicals. One additional benefit of LEDs is that they are capable of switching to different light intensity at a very fast rate. This functionality has given rise to a novel communication technology (known as visible light communication—VLC) where LED luminaires can be used for high speed data transfer. This survey provides a technology overview and review of existing literature of visible light communication and sensing. This paper provides a detailed survey of 1) visible light communication system and characteristics of its various components such as transmitter and receiver; 2) physical layer properties of visible light communication channel, modulation methods, and MIMO techniques; 3) medium access techniques; 4) system design and programmable platforms; and 5) visible light sensing and application such as indoor localization, gesture recognition, screen-camera communication, and vehicular networking. We also outline important challenges that need to be addressed in order to design high-speed mobile networks using visible light communication.

Visible Light Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges

A closed-loop control system is disclosed for use with an electrosurgical generator that generates electrosurgical energy. The closed loop control system includes a user interface for allowing a user to select at least one pre-surgical parameter, such as the type of surgical instrument operatively connected to the generator, the type of tissue and the desired surgical effect. A sensor module is also included for continually sensing at least one of electrical and physical properties proximate a surgical site and generating at least one signal relating thereto. The system also includes a control module for continually receiving the at least one selected pre-surgical parameter from the user interface and each of the signals from the sensor module, and processing each of the signals in accordance with the at least one pre-surgical parameter using at least one of a microprocessor, computer algorithm and a mapping. The control module generates at least one corresponding control signal relating to each signal from the sensor module, and relays the control signal to the electrosurgical generator for controlling the same. A method is also disclosed for performing an electrosurgical procedure at a surgical site on a patient. The method includes the steps of: applying at least one electrical pulse to the surgical site; continually sensing electrical and physical properties proximate the surgical site; and varying pulse parameters of individual pulses of the at least one pulse in accordance with the continually-sensed properties.

Method and system for controlling output of RF medical generator

An electrosurgical system is disclosed. The electrosurgical system includes an electrosurgical generator adapted to supply electrosurgical energy to tissue. The electrosurgical generator includes impedance sensing circuitry which measures impedance of tissue, a microprocessor configured to determine whether a tissue reaction has occurred as a function of a minimum impedance value and a predetermined rise in impedance, wherein tissue reaction corresponds to a boiling point of tissue fluid, and an electrosurgical instrument including at least one active electrode adapted to apply electrosurgical energy to tissue.

Vessel sealing system

Chaos is introduced to cryptology. As an example of the applications, a secret key cryptosystem by iterating a one dimensional chaotic map is proposed. This system is based on the characteristics of chaos, which are sensitivity of parameters, sensitivity of initial points, and randomness of sequences obtained by iterating a chaotic map. A ciphertext is obtained by the iteration of a inverse chaotic map from an initial point, which denotes a plaintext. If the times of the iteration is large enough, the randomness of the encryption and the decryption function is so large that attackers cannot break this cryptosystem by statistic characteristics. In addition to the security of the statistical point, even if the cryptosystem is composed by a tent map, which is one of the simplest chaotic maps, setting a finite computation size avoids a ciphertext only attack. The most attractive point of the cryptosystem is that the cryptosystem is composed by only iterating a simple calculations though the information rate of the cryptosystem is about 0.5.

/pdf/a-secret-key-cryptosystem-by-iterating-a-chaotic-map-1o00hii9rg.pdf

A secret key cryptosystem by iterating a chaotic map

This paper presents a new control scheme for a Class DE inverter, that is, frequency modulation/pulsewidth modulation (FM/PWM) control. Further, the FM/PWM controlled Class DE inverter is analyzed and we clarify performance characteristics. Since the FM/PWM controlled inverter has two control parameters, namely, the switching frequency and the switch-on duty ratio, it has one more degree of freedom for the control than the inverter with the conventional control scheme. The increased degree of freedom is used to minimize the switching losses. Therefore, it is possible to control the output power with high power-conversion efficiency for wide-range control. Carrying out the circuit experiments, we confirm that the experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions quantitatively. For example, the proposed controlled inverter can control the output voltage from 56% to 191% of the optimum one, which is designed for 1.8 W at 1.0 MHz, with maintaining over 90% power-conversion efficiency.

FM/PWM control scheme in class DE inverter

A new type of high-frequency high-efficiency tuned power amplifier is proposed, analyzed and verified experimentally. It is called a Class DE tuned power amplifier because its circuit topology is very similar to that of the conventional Class D amplifier and the operation of each switch satisfies the Class E switching conditions when the switch turns on. Class E switching conditions are achieved by providing a shunt capacitor for each switch and realizing a dead-time between the switch-on-times. These conditions take into account that the amplifier operates at higher frequency than the conventional Class D amplifier. The switch voltage stress has kept on the same level to the conventional Class D amplifier. The measured efficiency was over 96% at 1 MHz.

Class DE high-efficiency tuned power amplifier

The applicator used in this invention functions as an antenna for delivering electromagnetic energy into a living body. The applicator is supported by a supporting mechanism through a supporting device. The applicator can move to and stop at a position through the action of this supporting mechanism. A cooling section is provided on the contact surfaces of the applicator and the living body so as to protect normal cells on the surface of living body. This cooling section is additionally provided with a coolant circulating device, which enables to continuously perform hyperthermia for a long period of time. The coolant circulating device has a pressure reducing mechanism to counter the fluctuations in fluidal pressure, and further, provided with a deaerating device for preventing the air from stagnating therein. Furthermore, in the heating apparatus for hyperthermia as disclosed in this invention, the supporting mechanism, and electromagnetic wave producing source and a general control section are separate from one another, thereby facilitating the use of the apparatus.

Heating apparatus for hyperthermia

This paper presents a novel design procedure for Class E amplifiers without using waveform equations. By the proposed design procedure, Class E amplifiers can be designed regardless of the Q factor of resonant circuit, existence of the switch on resistor, and so on. The proposed design procedure requires only circuit equations and design specifications. All design procedures reported until now require deriving waveform equations which requires a lot of work. The benefits of the proposed design procedure is that it is to deriving waveform equations is no longer necessary. When the circuit equations are obtained, the other procedures for computation of design values are carried out with aid of computer. Therefore, we can design Class E amplifier more easily than the conventional design procedure. The authors design Class E amplifiers by using the proposed design procedures and carry out the circuit experiments, and find that the experimental results agree with calculation results, and show the validity of the proposed design procedure.

Shinsaku Mori

Papers

A secret key cryptosystem by iterating a chaotic map

FM/PWM control scheme in class DE inverter

Class DE high-efficiency tuned power amplifier

Heating apparatus for hyperthermia

Computation of design values for Class E amplifiers without using waveform equations