Nutrition and health.

Objectives To evaluate the tolerability and clinical safety of the subdermal, long-acting hormonal contraceptive Implanon®Methods This integrated safety analysis included 11 international studies concerning Implanon® (68 mg etonogestrel) of which 10 had a duration of at least two years Assessments included reports of adverse events (AEs), reasons and rates of discontinuation, insertion/removal complications, and the condition of the implant site Metabolic and coagulation parameters are briefly discussed to fully describe the clinical safety profileResults In total 942 women were exposed to Implanon® for 24,679 cycles over the course of one to five years The overall discontinuation rate was 327%; the most frequently reported reasons for discontinuation were adverse events (139%), bleeding irregularities (104%), and planning pregnancy (41%) The most commonly reported drug-related AE was headache (153%); however, headache was reported in only 16% of women as a reason for discontinuation Insertio

Tolerability and clinical safety of Implanon.

Introduction DIABETES is recognized as a disease that is closely linked to nutrition, both in etiology and treatment. Overnutrition was the first risk factor for diabetes to be identified. In the sixth century A.D., Hindu physicians described two forms of the disease, one hereditary and the other acquired, and two types of patients, one lean and emaciated, and the other obese, observing that the acquired type was a disease brought on by “nonconducive foods and habits,” chief among which were the gluttonous ingestion of “foods which are sweet and/or fatty, a lack of exercise, laziness and lethargy” (1). The modern concept of diabetes owes much to the clinical observations of Joslin (2). He clearly recognized the importance of obesity in the etiology of diabetes, noting that “Diabetes is largely a penalty of obesity, and the greater the obesity, the more likely is Nature to enforce it” (2). Subsequently, several epidemiological studies have confirmed his clinical observations, with the exception that the du...

Diabetes in the Undernourished: Coincidence or Consequence?

Metabolic effects of implantable steroid contraceptives for women.

This scientific monograph provides a comprehensive summary of the clinical characteristics of Jadelle levonorgestrel (LNG) rod implants as observed during clinical trials conducted by the Population Council. The monograph also reviews lessons learned about how to provide Jadelle based partly on conclusions gleaned from the extensive experience with Norplant the earlier implant system and suggests practical ways in which to introduce Jadelle into family planning programs. The extensive question-and-answer section presents some of the scientific information in an easy-to-understand format that serves as a counseling tool. The section includes language from the Jadelle product labeling and also reflects the postmarketing as well as clinical experience with Norplant. In addition the monograph summarizes new results from a five-year postmarketing study of Norplant in eight developing countries—information with direct relevance to Jadelle. Finally a bibliography documents the extensive published research about contraceptive implants over more than four decades. The monograph is written for health care professionals and policymakers interested in learning more about Jadelle as a possible addition to the contraceptives available in national family planning programs and in private practice. (authors)

/pdf/jadelle-levonorgestrel-rod-implants-a-summary-of-scientific-4vk69qxmvz.pdf

Jadelle Levonorgestrel Rod Implants: A Summary of Scientific Data and Lessons Learned from Programmatic Experience

Estimation of triglycerides (Tg), total cholesterol (Tc), HDLs, LDLc, and VLDLc was carried out in 46 undernourished diabetic subjects (UND); 21 untreated and 25 on insulin; 44 well-nourished diabetic subjects (WND); 22 untreated and 22 on insulin; together with 25 patients with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and 25 healthy controls less than 50 yr of age. Compared with controls, in the untreated diabetic subjects Tg, Tc, LDLc, and VLDLc were significantly higher in both classes, while HDLc was lower only in WND. Among the treated diabetic subjects, Tg were higher in WND, LDLc lower in UND, and VLDLc higher in both. With regard to relative distribution of cholesterol in the untreated patients, HDLc/Tc was lower in WND, but this was not so in UND. HDLc/Tc was higher in treated UND. Between undernourished and well-nourished groups of diabetic subjects in the untreated patients, HDLc was significantly higher and LDLc lower in the former. Both Tc and LDLc were lower in UND on insulin compared with WND. HDLc/Tc was higher and LDLc/Tc lower in both untreated and treated UND. In adults with PEM, mean values of Tg, Tc, and LDLc were much lower than in controls, as well as in both groups of UND. On the other hand, values of HDLc/Tc were higher and LDLc/Tc lower in PEM compared with controls, but this was not so for treated UND. It is evident from the results of this study that the undernourished have lower levels of plasma lipids and a favorable distribution of cholesterol among the lipid fractions from the point of view of vulnerability to development of atherosclerosis.

Plasma Lipids and Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Undernourished Diabetic Subjects and Adults with Protein Energy Malnutrition

Serum lipid profile in women using levonorgestrel contraceptive implant, Norplant(R)-2

Power theft is normally done by two methods that is bypassing or hooking. So to detect it, a system (current measuring and comparing) is proposed in which the household distribution of current is done indirectly from the electric pole to an intermediate distributor box and then to the individual houses. The current is measured periodically in the distributor box and is posted to the server database for each house using GSM/GPRS module. Similarly, for each house electric meter is designed which can measure the value of the current and post the same to the server database periodically using GSM/GPRS module. At the time of the installation of the electric meter the details of the users are stored in the database through a user friendly mobile application including the address, latitude, longitude using mobile GPS and the photograph of the user's house/area. Upon successful comparison between the current values from distributor box and electric meter in the server if we get a marginal difference between the currents then the theft is detected. Finally, the details of the user are shared with the authorized mobile application including the address and photograph of the area. The latitude and longitude are also used to show the area of theft in Google maps. And hence the required steps are taken. The same process is used for hooking but on the individual electric poles.

Smart Power Theft Detection System

Nearly 30% of diabetics in India are undernourished (UND) and have to consume a higher calorie diet where the bulk comes from cereal-based carbohydrates (CHO). In Orissa, parboiled rice, flaked rice (chuda) and broken cream of wheat (suji) are most commonly used. Glycaemic and insulinogenic responses to these were assessed in six patients, each with malnutrition-related diabetes (MRDM), and six undernourished non insulin-dependent diabetics (lean NIDDM), along with 10 healthy controls. Serum levels of insulin (IRI), both basal and in response to glucose, were lowest in MRDM. In spite of severe hyperglycaemia, IRI values in lean NIDDM were more or less similar to controls, indicating a high degree of insulin resistance in the former. Insulin glucose indices (IG index) were lowest in MRDM. In controls, the glycaemic index (GI) of rice was lowest (43.8±11.6) as compared with chuda (74.9±11.1) and suji (64.9±20.3). In UND rice showed higher GI compared with controls, and suji and chuda even higher GI. However...

Insulin and Glycaemic Response to Common Carbohydrate Diets in Undernourished Diabetics

It is well appreciated that the vascular channels are not mere conduit tubes but are components of a tightly organised. highly regulated and closely integrated fibrocellular system. The uniformity of the endothelial lining and non-thrombogenecity of these channels are maintained by various factors [1]. Inhibition of entry of excess cholesterol into the endothelial cells is of paramount significance. Endothelial cell surface presents specific receptors that combine with apoprotein apoB100. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are the molecules containing apoB100 and carry the highest amount of cholesterol i.e. 50 percent by weight. These LDL molecules attach to endothelial cells through apoB100 receptors, get internalised and liberate the necessary load of cholesterol which is very vital for the metabolism of such cells [2]. On the other hand, lipoprotein molecules rich in triglycerides (TG), also containing some amount of cholesterol such as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), get access into endothelial cells through another set of receptor systems which are of little consequence in the healthy state [3].

Sidhartha Das

Papers

Plasma Lipids and Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Undernourished Diabetic Subjects and Adults with Protein Energy Malnutrition

Serum lipid profile in women using levonorgestrel contraceptive implant, Norplant(R)-2

Smart Power Theft Detection System

Insulin and Glycaemic Response to Common Carbohydrate Diets in Undernourished Diabetics

Diabetes, Dyslipidaemia and Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease