Importance The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a worldwide sudden and substantial increase in hospitalizations for pneumonia with multiorgan disease. This review discusses current evidence regarding the pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19. Observations SARS-CoV-2 is spread primarily via respiratory droplets during close face-to-face contact. Infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. The average time from exposure to symptom onset is 5 days, and 97.5% of people who develop symptoms do so within 11.5 days. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Radiographic and laboratory abnormalities, such as lymphopenia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase, are common, but nonspecific. Diagnosis is made by detection of SARS-CoV-2 via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing, although false-negative test results may occur in up to 20% to 67% of patients; however, this is dependent on the quality and timing of testing. Manifestations of COVID-19 include asymptomatic carriers and fulminant disease characterized by sepsis and acute respiratory failure. Approximately 5% of patients with COVID-19, and 20% of those hospitalized, experience severe symptoms necessitating intensive care. More than 75% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 require supplemental oxygen. Treatment for individuals with COVID-19 includes best practices for supportive management of acute hypoxic respiratory failure. Emerging data indicate that dexamethasone therapy reduces 28-day mortality in patients requiring supplemental oxygen compared with usual care (21.6% vs 24.6%; age-adjusted rate ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.74-0.92]) and that remdesivir improves time to recovery (hospital discharge or no supplemental oxygen requirement) from 15 to 11 days. In a randomized trial of 103 patients with COVID-19, convalescent plasma did not shorten time to recovery. Ongoing trials are testing antiviral therapies, immune modulators, and anticoagulants. The case-fatality rate for COVID-19 varies markedly by age, ranging from 0.3 deaths per 1000 cases among patients aged 5 to 17 years to 304.9 deaths per 1000 cases among patients aged 85 years or older in the US. Among patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, the case fatality is up to 40%. At least 120 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are under development. Until an effective vaccine is available, the primary methods to reduce spread are face masks, social distancing, and contact tracing. Monoclonal antibodies and hyperimmune globulin may provide additional preventive strategies. Conclusions and Relevance As of July 1, 2020, more than 10 million people worldwide had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Many aspects of transmission, infection, and treatment remain unclear. Advances in prevention and effective management of COVID-19 will require basic and clinical investigation and public health and clinical interventions.

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Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and has caused a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, named ‘coronavirus disease 2019’ (COVID-19), which threatens human health and public safety. In this Review, we describe the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, including genomic characteristics and receptor use, highlighting its key difference from previously known coronaviruses. We summarize current knowledge of clinical, epidemiological and pathological features of COVID-19, as well as recent progress in animal models and antiviral treatment approaches for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus in detail. In this Review, Shi and colleagues summarize the exceptional amount of research that has characterized acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since this virus has swept around the globe. They discuss what we know so far about the emergence and virology of SARS-CoV-2 and the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19.

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Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Background Remdesivir, a nucleotide analogue prodrug that inhibits viral RNA polymerases, has shown in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Methods We provided remdesivir on a compassionate-...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2007016?articleTools=true

Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19.

https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7158&context=articles

COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by distinct patterns of disease progression suggesting diverse host immune responses. We performed an integrated immune analysis on a cohort of 50 COVID-19 patients with various disease severity. A unique phenotype was observed in severe and critical patients, consisting of a highly impaired interferon (IFN) type I response (characterized by no IFN-β and low IFN-α production and activity), associated with a persistent blood viral load and an exacerbated inflammatory response. Inflammation was partially driven by the transcriptional factor NF-κB and characterized by increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production and signaling. These data suggest that type-I IFN deficiency in the blood could be a hallmark of severe COVID-19 and provide a rationale for combined therapeutic approaches.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/early/2020/07/10/science.abc6027.full.pdf

Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients.

Importance Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread worldwide. Risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia have not yet been well delineated. Objective To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or died. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of 201 patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital in China between December 25, 2019, and January 26, 2020. The final date of follow-up was February 13, 2020. Exposures Confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. Main Outcomes and Measures The development of ARDS and death. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, management, treatment, and outcome data were also collected and analyzed. Results Of 201 patients, the median age was 51 years (interquartile range, 43-60 years), and 128 (63.7%) patients were men. Eighty-four patients (41.8%) developed ARDS, and of those 84 patients, 44 (52.4%) died. In those who developed ARDS, compared with those who did not, more patients presented with dyspnea (50 of 84 [59.5%] patients and 30 of 117 [25.6%] patients, respectively [difference, 33.9%; 95% CI, 19.7%-48.1%]) and had comorbidities such as hypertension (23 of 84 [27.4%] patients and 16 of 117 [13.7%] patients, respectively [difference, 13.7%; 95% CI, 1.3%-26.1%]) and diabetes (16 of 84 [19.0%] patients and 6 of 117 [5.1%] patients, respectively [difference, 13.9%; 95% CI, 3.6%-24.2%]). In bivariate Cox regression analysis, risk factors associated with the development of ARDS and progression from ARDS to death included older age (hazard ratio [HR], 3.26; 95% CI 2.08-5.11; and HR, 6.17; 95% CI, 3.26-11.67, respectively), neutrophilia (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09-1.19; and HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17, respectively), and organ and coagulation dysfunction (eg, higher lactate dehydrogenase [HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.44-1.79; and HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.52, respectively] and D-dimer [HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; and HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04, respectively]). High fever (≥39 °C) was associated with higher likelihood of ARDS development (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.11-2.84) and lower likelihood of death (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.21-0.82). Among patients with ARDS, treatment with methylprednisolone decreased the risk of death (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20-0.72). Conclusions and Relevance Older age was associated with greater risk of development of ARDS and death likely owing to less rigorous immune response. Although high fever was associated with the development of ARDS, it was also associated with better outcomes among patients with ARDS. Moreover, treatment with methylprednisolone may be beneficial for patients who develop ARDS.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2763184/jamainternal_wu_2020_oi_200022.pdf

Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Epoxy resin is one of the most widely used thermosetting polymers and commonly applied in power electronics field. The intrinsic properties of epoxy can be improved by the introduction of inorganic filler, thus fabricating a composite material. In this paper, different scales of modified boron nitride (BN, 1 μm, 10 μm) were used to improve the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin. The surfaces BN were modification by a silane coupling agent to improve the compatibility between BN and epoxy resin. The effects of micro-and nano-BN sheets on the microstructure, breakdown strength, thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composite were studied. The characterization of its morphology by scanning electron microscopy shows that nano-BN distribution is in the middle of micro-BN, forming a better bridging effect. The data of the breakdown strength and thermal conductivity indicated that when the content of micro-BN is 30 wt% and nano-BN is 20 wt%, the thermal conductivity of BN/epoxy composite was 1.52 W/m·K. In addition, the breakdown strength is 77.1 kV/mm. Thus, this type of BN-filled BN/EP composites with remarkable insulation and thermal conductivity properties would have potential for power engineering materials.

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Preparation and Properties of Epoxy Composites with Multi-Scale BN Sheets

Thermoplastic polyolefins, such as polyethylene (PE), are traditionally one of the most widely used polymer classes with applications in the electric industry, and their nanocomposites have caught the interest of researchers. The linear filler is shown to be beneficial in decreasing the charge injection and hindering the formation of charge packs. So, we demonstrate a novel composite with excellent properties. The low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composite with aligned aluminum oxide (Al2O3) fiber has been prepared in electric field conditions. The direction of the Al2O3 fiber was parallel to the thickness direction of the LDPE composite. The breakdown strength of the Al2O3/LDPE composite with 0.2% aligned Al2O3 fiber was 498 kV/mm, which is higher than other fillers induced. The aligned Al2O3 fiber has effect on preventing accumulation of space charge and reducing the amount of free electron in the material. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the LDPE composite (0.22 W/m·K) was increased to 0.85 W/m·K when doped with 0.5 wt% aligned Al2O3 fiber. The present structure provides a new possibility for mass new nanocomposites with excellent microstructures and remarkable functionality.

/pdf/polymer-composite-with-enhanced-thermal-conductivity-and-29xa0rde.pdf

Polymer Composite with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Insulation Properties through Aligned Al2O3 Fiber

Inhibition of gp130 alleviates LPS-induced lung injury by attenuating apoptosis and inflammation through JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway

INTRODUCTION
Research on the association between albumin (ALB) level and clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between albumin level at the time of admission and adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19.


METHODOLOGY
This was a retrospective cohort study with 199 COVID-19 patients from five designated hospitals in Fujian Province who were enrolled between 22 January and 27 February, 2020. Clinical characteristics and laboratory values at the time of admission were collected. Adverse outcomes were defined as meeting at least one of the following criteria: development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, shock, multiple organ failure (MOF), intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality event. The univariate and multivariate linear regression models and generalized additive models (GAM) were used to analyze the relationship between ALB and adverse outcomes.


RESULTS
A non-linear relationship with an inflection point of 32.6g/L was detected between ALB and adverse outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders. The odds ratio and the confidence intervals on the left and right sides of the inflection point were 0.204 (0.061-0.681) and 0.908 (0.686-1.203), respectively. This suggested that ALB was negatively correlated with adverse outcomes when ALB was less than 32.6 g/L, and for every 1 unit increase in ALB, the risk of adverse outcomes was reduced by 79.6%.


CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between ALB and adverse outcomes of COVID-19 is non-linear. ALB level is an independent predictive factor for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

/pdf/albumin-level-as-an-independent-predictive-factor-for-1tskb3tw.pdf

Sijiao Wang

Papers

Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Preparation and Properties of Epoxy Composites with Multi-Scale BN Sheets

Polymer Composite with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Insulation Properties through Aligned Al2O3 Fiber

Inhibition of gp130 alleviates LPS-induced lung injury by attenuating apoptosis and inflammation through JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway

Albumin level as an independent predictive factor for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study.