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Using Multivariate Statistics

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

This book opens a fresh chapter in the debate on local enterprise clusters and their strategies for upgrading in the global economy. The authors employ a novel conceptual framework in their research on industrial clusters in Europe, Latin America and Asia and provide new perspectives and insights for researchers and policymakers alike.

Governance in global value chains

Domestication of livestock species and a long history of migrations, selection and adaptation have created an enormous variety of breeds. Conservation of these genetic resources relies on demographic characterization, recording of production environments and effective data management. In addition, molecular genetic studies allow a comparison of genetic diversity within and across breeds and a reconstruction of the history of breeds and ancestral populations. This has been summarized for cattle, yak, water buffalo, sheep, goats, camelids, pigs, horses, and chickens. Further progress is expected to benefit from advances in molecular technology.

/pdf/genetic-diversity-in-farm-animals-a-review-52h3ut1h2t.pdf

Genetic diversity in farm animals--a review.

As a unit within Purdue University, the College of Pharmacy “is committed to maintaining a community which recognizes and values the inherent worth and dignity of every person; fosters tolerance, sensitivity, understanding, and mutual respect among its members; and encourages each individual to strive to reach his or her own potential. In pursuit of its goal of academic excellence, the University seeks to develop and nurture diversity. The University believes that diversity among its many members strengthens the institution, stimulates creativity, promotes the exchange of ideas, and enriches campus life.”1

多様性--The Diversity

We investigated genetic and morphological diversity and population structure of 14 traditional sheep populations originating from four ecological zones in Ethiopia (sub-alpine, wet highland, sub-humid lowland and arid lowland). All animals (n = 672) were genotyped for 17 microsatellite markers and scored for 12 morphological characters. The sheep were initially classified as fat-tailed (11 populations), thin-tailed (one population) and fat-rumped sheep (two populations). These classifications are thought to correspond to three consecutive introduction events of sheep from the Near-East into East Africa. For the 14 populations, allelic richness ranged from 5.87 to 7.51 and expected heterozygosity (H(E)) from 0.66 to 0.75. Genetic differentiations (F(ST) values) between all pairs of populations, except between sub-alpine populations, were significantly different from zero (P < 0.001). Cluster analysis of morphological characters and a dendrogram constructed from genetic distances were broadly consistent with the classification into fat-tailed, thin-tailed and fat-rumped sheep. Bayesian cluster analysis using microsatellite markers indicated that there has been further genetic differentiation after the initial introduction of sheep into Ethiopia. Investigation of factors associated with genetic variation showed that an isolation-by-distance model, independently of other factors, explained most of the observed genetic variation. We also obtained a strong indication of adaptive divergence in morphological characters, patterns of morphological variation being highly associated with ecology even when the effect of neutral genetic divergence (F(ST)) was parcelled out in partial Mantel tests. Using a combination of F(ST) values, Bayesian clustering analysis and morphological divergence, we propose a classification of Ethiopian sheep into six breed groups and nine breeds.

Population structure, genetic variation and morphological diversity in indigenous sheep of Ethiopia.

Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic trends for live weight and fleece traits in Menz sheep

Sheep and goat production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: characteristics and strategies for improvement

Participatory definition of breeding objectives and selection indexes for sheep breeding in traditional systems

Etiopia posee diversas poblaciones de ovinos,
23,6 millones, que varian segun la ecologia, los
sistemas de produccion y las comunidades. En el
2005 se inicio un programa de caracterizacion
fenotipica y genetica des las poblaciones ovinas en
Etiopia con el fin de crear un marco nacional para la gestion de los recursos geneticos ovinos. En este
articulo se describen los tipo de razas indigenas
desde el punto de vista de las caracteristicas fisicas,
de la distribucion eco-regional, y de las afinidades
entre comunidades. Presentamos tambien las
relaciones de los tipos de ovinos con los sistemas de
produccion agricola y una encuesta realizada entre
los ganaderos y pastores.
Se han identificado 14 tipos tradicionales de
ovinos que se describen desde el punto de vista
fisico. Los diferentes tipos se dividen en 4 grupos:
sub-alpinos con cola gorda corta; alta montana con
cola gorda larga; llanura con cuarto posterior graso;
y llanura con cola delgada, y segun su distribucion
ecologica, tipos de cola (cola grasa versus cola
delgada), forma de la cola y tipos de fibra. Existe
una gran diversidad morfologica y ecologica entre
la mayor parte de los grupos principales de ovinos
asi como entre los tipos de ovinos mismos. Tambien
hay une relacion importante entre los tipos de
ovinos, los grupos etnicos y los sistemas de
produccion. La evaluacion de las diferencias
geneticas de los tipos de ovinos tradicionales es
importante para el desarrollo de los programas de
conservacion basados en la mejora. La evaluacion
genetica molecular de la estructura de la poblacion
sera una de las actividades de seguimiento.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3325209C715B4703D61648F2BFA8B1E8/S1014233900002704a.pdf/div-class-title-indigenous-sheep-resources-of-ethiopia-types-production-systems-and-farmers-preferences-div.pdf

Solomon Gizaw

Papers

Population structure, genetic variation and morphological diversity in indigenous sheep of Ethiopia.

Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic trends for live weight and fleece traits in Menz sheep

Sheep and goat production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: characteristics and strategies for improvement

Participatory definition of breeding objectives and selection indexes for sheep breeding in traditional systems

Indigenous sheep resources of Ethiopia: types, production systems and farmers preferences