https://eva.fing.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/55828/mod_resource/content/1/kalogiru.pdf

Solar thermal collectors and applications

Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future economic and social societal needs. Sun is the source of all energies. The primary forms of solar energy are heat and light. Sunlight and heat are transformed and absorbed by the environment in a multitude of ways. Some of these transformations result in renewable energy flows such as biomass and wind energy. Renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources. In this article a review has been done on scope of CO2 mitigation through solar cooker, water heater, dryer, biofuel, improved cookstoves and by hydrogen.

https://www.beren.sakarya.edu.tr/sites/beren.sakarya.edu.tr/file/1380752545-07-RenewEn.pdf.pdf

Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) constitute a class of flexible nonlinear models designed to mimic biological neural systems. In this entry, we introduce ANN using familiar econometric terminology and provide an overview of ANN modeling approach and its implementation methods. † Correspondence: Chung-Ming Kuan, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan; ckuan@econ.sinica.edu.tw. †† I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the editor, Professor Steven Durlauf, for his patience and constructive comments on early drafts of this entry. I also thank Shih-Hsun Hsu and Yu-Lieh Huang for very helpful suggestions. The remaining errors are all mine.

Artificial neural networks

The energy performance in buildings is influenced by many factors, such as ambient weather conditions, building structure and characteristics, the operation of sub-level components like lighting and HVAC systems, occupancy and their behavior. This complex situation makes it very difficult to accurately implement the prediction of building energy consumption. This paper reviews recently developed models for solving this problem, which include elaborate and simplified engineering methods, statistical methods and artificial intelligence methods. Previous research work concerning these models and relevant applications are introduced. Based on the analysis of previous work, further prospects are proposed for additional research reference.

A review on the prediction of building energy consumption

A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems

: Industrial processes are characterized by energy losses, such as heat streams rejected to the environment in the form of exhaust gases or efﬂuents occurring at different temperature levels. Hence, waste heat recovery (WHR) has been a challenge for industries, as it can lead to energy savings, higher energy efﬁciency, and sustainability. As a consequence, WHR methods and technologies have been used extensively in the European Union (EU) (and worldwide for that matter). The current paper revisits and reviews conventional WHR technologies, their use in all types of industry, and their limitations. Special attention is given to alternative “new” technologies, which are discussed for parameters such as projected energy and cost savings. Finally, an extended review of case studies regarding applications of WHR technologies is presented. The information presented here can also be used to determine target energy performance, as well as capital and installation costs, for increasing the attractiveness of WHR technologies, leading to the widespread adoption by industry.

Waste Heat Recovery Technologies Revisited with Emphasis on New Solutions, Including Heat Pipes, and Case Studies

Chapter 6 deals with solar space heating and cooling systems. Initially, methods to estimate the thermal load of buildings are given, including the heat balance method, the transfer function method, heat extraction rate and room temperature, the simple degree-day method, and the building heat transfer. Then some general features of passive space design are presented followed by the active systems design. Passive systems include building construction-thermal mass effects, incidental thermal mass effects, intentional thermal mass effects, characteristics and performance of thermal storage walls, building shape and orientation, insulation, windows, sunspaces, overhangs, and natural ventilation. Active systems include both water-based and air-based space heating and cooling systems and comprise space heating and service hot water, considerations concerning the location of auxiliary and heat pump systems. The solar cooling systems described in this chapter include both adsorption and absorption systems. The latter comprise the lithium bromide–water and ammonia–water systems. Finally, the characteristics for solar cooling with absorption refrigeration systems are given.

Solar Space Heating and Cooling

This chapter deals with the generation of mechanical and subsequently electrical energy from solar energy by heat engines powered with concentrating solar collectors. It also examines use of solar ponds for power production. In solar thermal power systems, solar thermal energy, usually collected by concentrating solar collectors, is used to operate a heat engine. Some of these systems also incorporate heat storage, which allows them to operate during cloudy weather and nighttime. The main challenge in designing these systems is to select the correct operating temperature. This is because the efficiency of the heat engine rises as its operating temperature rises, whereas the efficiency of the solar collector reduces as its operating temperature rises. Five system architectures have been used for such applications. The first four are high-temperature systems: the parabolic trough collector system, the linear Fresnel reflector, the power tower system, and the dish system. The last one is the solar pond, which is a low-temperature system. These reflector systems are also analyzed in this chapter, together with models of heat engines derived from basic thermodynamic principles.

Solar Thermal Power Systems

This chapter discusses principle of operation of collectors and other components of the solar systems, which applies to industrial process heat applications. These applications have some unique features; the main ones are the scale on which they are applied and the integration of the solar energy supplies with an auxiliary energy source and the industrial process. Generally, two primary problems need to be considered when designing an industrial process heat application. These concern the type of energy to be employed and the temperature at which the heat is to be delivered. Important factor required for the determination of the most suitable system for a particular application is the temperature at which the fluid will be fed to the collector array. Further solar chemistry applications include a variety of fields; the main ones are the production of energy carriers, also called reforming of fuels ; fuel cells; materials processing and detoxification; and recycling of waste materials. Solar drying is another very important application of solar energy. Solar dryers use air collectors to collect solar energy. Solar dryers are used primarily by the agricultural industry.

Soteris A. Kalogirou

Papers

Waste Heat Recovery Technologies Revisited with Emphasis on New Solutions, Including Heat Pipes, and Case Studies

Solar Space Heating and Cooling

Solar Thermal Power Systems

Industrial Process Heat, Chemistry Applications, and Solar Dryers

Natural environment and thermal behaviour of Dimetrodon limbatus.