https://eva.fing.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/55828/mod_resource/content/1/kalogiru.pdf

Solar thermal collectors and applications

Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current and future economic and social societal needs. Sun is the source of all energies. The primary forms of solar energy are heat and light. Sunlight and heat are transformed and absorbed by the environment in a multitude of ways. Some of these transformations result in renewable energy flows such as biomass and wind energy. Renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources. In this article a review has been done on scope of CO2 mitigation through solar cooker, water heater, dryer, biofuel, improved cookstoves and by hydrogen.

https://www.beren.sakarya.edu.tr/sites/beren.sakarya.edu.tr/file/1380752545-07-RenewEn.pdf.pdf

Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) constitute a class of flexible nonlinear models designed to mimic biological neural systems. In this entry, we introduce ANN using familiar econometric terminology and provide an overview of ANN modeling approach and its implementation methods. † Correspondence: Chung-Ming Kuan, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan; ckuan@econ.sinica.edu.tw. †† I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the editor, Professor Steven Durlauf, for his patience and constructive comments on early drafts of this entry. I also thank Shih-Hsun Hsu and Yu-Lieh Huang for very helpful suggestions. The remaining errors are all mine.

Artificial neural networks

The energy performance in buildings is influenced by many factors, such as ambient weather conditions, building structure and characteristics, the operation of sub-level components like lighting and HVAC systems, occupancy and their behavior. This complex situation makes it very difficult to accurately implement the prediction of building energy consumption. This paper reviews recently developed models for solving this problem, which include elaborate and simplified engineering methods, statistical methods and artificial intelligence methods. Previous research work concerning these models and relevant applications are introduced. Based on the analysis of previous work, further prospects are proposed for additional research reference.

A review on the prediction of building energy consumption

A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems

With buildings accounting for 40 % of primary energy requirements in the EU and the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, developing effective energy alternatives for buildings is imperative. The increasing role for renewables implies that solar thermal systems (STSs) will have a main role as they contribute directly to the heating and cooling of buildings and domestic hot water. Meeting building thermal loads will be primarily achieved through an extensive use of renewables, following standard building energy-saving measures. These systems are typically mounted on building roofs with no attempt to incorporate them into the building envelope creating aesthetic challenges, space availability issues, and envelope integrity problems. This chapter aims to give a survey of possible solutions of STS integration on the building roofs and facades. The advantages of integration are quantified, and suggestions are given to address the possible problems created.

Building-Integrated Solar Thermal Systems

Chapter 13 examines wind energy systems. It begins with an analysis of the wind characteristics and includes sections on wind speed profiles, wind speed variation with time, statistical representation of wind speed, wind resources, wind speed atlases and detailed study of wind speed. This is followed by the one-dimensional model of wind turbines and a survey of the characteristics of wind turbines, which includes sections on types of wind turbines, power characteristics of wind turbines, offshore wind turbines and wind parks. The chapter concludes with a section on economic issues and a section of the wind energy exploitation problems.

Wind Energy Systems

--The present study is concerned with the generation of a Typical Met- erological Year for Nicosia, Cyprus. The above tool will be useful for the prediction and comparison of the performance and cost effectiveness of passive and active solar systems in the island. The Typical Meteorological Year was generated from available hourly meteorological data recorded during the period 1986-1992, using the Filken- stein-Schafer statistical method. ~? 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. INTRODUCTION The climatic conditions of Cyprus are predominantly very sunny with an average solar radiation of 5.4 kWh/m 2 per day on a horizontal surface. This is among the highest in the world and consequently very favourable for solar energy applications. The solar energy input is particularly high in areas where the dry summer is well pronounced, lasting from April to October, while the rest of the year, sunshine duration remains considerable even in the coldest months. It is, therefore, evident that a complete study of the solar energy input using solar climatological measurements representative for * Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed. t Project Manager. 381

DATA BANK Generation of a "typical meteorological year" for Nicosia, Cyprus

This chapter presents a review of low concentration ratio solar collectors. The concentration ratio ( C ) of the collectors belonging in this category is not more than about 10. Because of the low concentration ratio, these collectors usually collect both direct and diffuse solar radiation. According to their concentration ratio, these collectors can be steady ( C  < 2) or tracking. When tracking is used and depending on the concentration ratio, this can be intermittent as high accuracy is usually not required. The frequency of tracking increases with the concentration ratio. Higher concentration ratio leads not only to higher collector operating temperature but also to higher tracking accuracy requirements. The types of collectors examined in this chapter are the flat-plate collectors with diffuse reflectors, the reverse flat-plate collector, the compound parabolic collector (CPC), and various designs applied to evacuated tube collectors (ETCs) with either external or internal reflectors. One type of cusp concentrator, which is used in integrated collector storage (ICS) systems, is also examined.

Low Concentration Ratio Solar Collectors

The objective of this work is to find the optimum win dow-to-wall area ratio that minimizes the energy cost for cooling, heating and daylighting. Both heating and cooling load are affected by the U-value and the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of the glass whereas the amount of daylighting is affected by the coefficient of visual transmittance of the glass. For this purpose a genetic algorithm is used which is an optimum search technique based on the concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest. In this work the genetic al gorithm seeks to find a solution which minimizes the energy cost. The method is presented for three different types of fenestration with single glass, double glass and double glass for which the outer glass is reflective. A room with one external 10m 2 double-brick wall is considered which is the usual case and size for an office room. This is the wall which carries the fenestration and the exercise was performed individually for the four cardinal directions using the weather conditions of Nicosia Cyprus. The results show that for all types of glasses considered the maximum optimum window-to-wall area ratio (WWR) is for the north direction, followed by the west direction whereas the smallest WWR should be in the east direction.

/pdf/use-of-genetic-algorithms-for-the-optimum-selection-of-the-3g71rrkch1.pdf

Soteris A. Kalogirou

Papers

Building-Integrated Solar Thermal Systems

Wind Energy Systems

DATA BANK Generation of a "typical meteorological year" for Nicosia, Cyprus

Low Concentration Ratio Solar Collectors

Use of genetic algorithms for the optimum selection of the fenestration openings in buildings