Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel

Ammonia for power

The potential of di-methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines: A review

This report describes an extended version of KIVA-3, known as KIVA-3V, that can model any number of vertical or canted valves in the cylinder head of an internal combustion (IC) engine. The valves are treated as solid objects that move through the mesh using the familiar snapper technique used for piston motion in KIVA-3. Because the valve motion is modeled exactly, and the valve shapes are as exact as the grid resolution will allow, the accuracy of the valve model is commensurate with that of the rest of the program. Other new features in KIVA-3V include a particle-based liquid wall film model, a new sorting subroutine that is linear in the number of nodes and preserves the original storage sequence, a mixing-controlled turbulent combustion model, and an optional RNG {kappa}-{epsilon} turbulence model. All features and capabilities of the original KIVA-3 have been retained. The grid generator, K3PREP, has been expanded to support the generation of grids with valves, along with the shaping of valve ports and runners. Graphics output options have also been expanded. The report discusses the new features, and includes four examples of grids with vertical and canted valves that are representative of IC engines in use today.

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KIVA-3V: A Block-Structured KIVA Program for Engines with Vertical or Canted Valves

This paper focuses on the potential use of ammonia as a carbon-free fuel, and covers recent advances in the development of ammonia combustion technology and its underlying chemistry. Fulfilling the COP21 Paris Agreement requires the de-carbonization of energy generation, through utilization of carbon-neutral and overall carbon-free fuels produced from renewable sources. Hydrogen is one of such fuels, which is a potential energy carrier for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. However, its shipment for long distances and storage for long times present challenges. Ammonia on the other hand, comprises 17.8% of hydrogen by mass and can be produced from renewable hydrogen and nitrogen separated from air. Furthermore, thermal properties of ammonia are similar to those of propane in terms of boiling temperature and condensation pressure, making it attractive as a hydrogen and energy carrier. Ammonia has been produced and utilized for the past 100 years as a fertilizer, chemical raw material, and refrigerant. Ammonia can be used as a fuel but there are several challenges in ammonia combustion, such as low flammability, high NOx emission, and low radiation intensity. Overcoming these challenges requires further research into ammonia flame dynamics and chemistry. This paper discusses recent successful applications of ammonia fuel, in gas turbines, co-fired with pulverize coal, and in industrial furnaces. These applications have been implemented under the Japanese ‘Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP): Energy Carriers’. In addition, fundamental aspects of ammonia combustion are discussed including characteristics of laminar premixed flames, counterflow twin-flames, and turbulent premixed flames stabilized by a nozzle burner at high pressure. Furthermore, this paper discusses details of the chemistry of ammonia combustion related to NOx production, processes for reducing NOx, and validation of several ammonia oxidation kinetics models. Finally, LES results for a gas-turbine-like swirl-burner are presented, for the purpose of developing low-NOx single-fuelled ammonia gas turbine combustors.

Science and technology of ammonia combustion

ed and indexed in the SAE Global Mobility Database No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISSN 0148-7191 Copyright 1990 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if it is published in SAE Transactions For permission to publish this paper in full or in part, contact the SAE Publications Group Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication through SAE should send the manuscript or a 300 word abstract of a proposed manuscript to: Secretary, Engineering Activity Board, SAE

Spencer C. Sorenson

Papers

Mean Value Modelling of Spark Ignition Engines

Performance and Emissions of a 0.273 Liter Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled with Neat Dimethyl Ether

Modeling of the intake manifold filling dynamics

Ammonia/Hydrogen Mixtures in an SI-Engine: Engine performance and analysis of a proposed fuel system

Modelling of the Intake Manifold Filling Dynamics