다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Vol. 1. Pp. xxvi + 487. 126S. (With a chapter on carcinogenesis by Regina Schoental.) Vol. 2. Pp. lvii + 487. 140s. By E. Clar. (London and New York: Academic Press; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1964.)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Energy demand is increasing continuously due to rapid growth in population and industrialization development. The development of energy sources is not keeping pace with spiraling consumption. Even developed countries are not able to compensate even after increasing the energy production multifold. The major energy demand is provided from the conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. Two major problems, which every country is facing with these conventional fuels, are depletion of fossil fuels and deterioration of environment. The present review article aims to highlight various biochemical processes for conversion of biomass into biological hydrogen gas and ethanol. The present discussion focuses on hydrogen production through various routes viz. fermentative, photosynthesis and biological water gas shift reaction. In addition, emphasis has been laid on ethanol as biomass-based energy fuel. The discussion has been focused on the technology for ethanol production from various biomass sources such as molasses, lignocellulosic feedstock and starch. Various biochemical processes and their major steps involved during the ethanol production from biomass have been discussed in detail.

http://www.biotek.lu.se/fileadmin/bioteknik/Utbildning/Kurser/KKKA05/BiomassBiofuel.pdf

Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemical routes: A review

Anaerobic digestion of food waste - Challenges and opportunities.

Dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) is an attractive method for the stabilization of solid organic waste with high solid concentration (22–40%). This article provides different aspects for bio-energy production through dry anaerobic digestion suggested by different researchers. Basic fundamental aspects like reactions occurring in the process, microbial species involved in the process, effect of feedstocks and operational parameters like pH, temperature, C/N ratio, VFA concentration, etc. with types of reactors are summarized. A number of scenarios and the effect of changing individual parameters of the environmental impacts of dry anaerobic digestion process for biogas production are considered. Mobility of mass nutrient and energy flow in the above said process are also parts of this review article. We conclude that long term research and development for improvement and optimization of operational parameters in dry anaerobic digestion is necessary.

Different aspects of dry anaerobic digestion for bio-energy: An overview

The potential of biogas generation from anaerobic digestion of different waste biomass in India has been studied. Renewable energy from biomass is one of the most efficient and effective options among the various other alternative sources of energy currently available. The anaerobic digestion of biomass requires less capital investment and per unit production cost as compared to other renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar and wind. Further, renewable energy from biomass is available as a domestic resource in the rural areas, which is not subject to world price fluctuations or the supply uncertainties as of imported and conventional fuels. In India, energy demand from various sectors is increased substantially and the energy supply is not in pace with the demand which resulted in a deficit of 11,436 MW which is equivalent to 12.6% of peak demand in 2006. The total installed capacity of bioenergy generation till 2007 from solid biomass and waste to energy is about 1227 MW against a potential of 25,700 MW. The bioenergy potential from municipal solid waste, crop residue and agricultural waste, wastewater sludge, animal manure, industrial waste which includes distilleries, dairy plants, pulp and paper, poultry, slaughter houses, sugar industries is estimated. The total potential of biogas from all the above sources excluding wastewater has been estimated to be 40,734 Mm 3 /year.

Biogas generation potential by anaerobic digestion for sustainable energy development in India

Electro-Fenton treatment of real pharmaceutical wastewater paired with a BDD anode: Reaction mechanisms and respective contribution of homogeneous and heterogeneous OH

Biodegradation of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia fergusonii isolated from the Goan coast.

Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste.

Rock phosphate deposits are non-renewable and are facing a decline. Due to this, phosphate fertilizers are going to be limited in future. Struvite is a crystalline mineral substance containing equimolar amount (1:1:1) of magnesium ammonium and phosphate ions (MgNH4PO4·6H2O), a good source of phosphorus and a slow release fertilizer. In the present study it was crystallized from cow urine using brine as cheap source of magnesium. Cow urine and brine was mixed at different proportion to find out the optimum concentration for struvite crystallization. Crystallized struvite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The ratio of 1:0.5 cow urine and brine mixing gave the best quality struvite at pH 9. The analysis of struvite for phosphate, magnesium and ammonium ions showed 5.85, 3.16, and 0.56 % respectively. The fertilizer potential of struvite was evaluated on the growth of Vigna radiata. The best growth was observed in the pots where struvite was added at a concentration of 2 g/kg of soil. Struvite is a good source of phosphate and it can be recovered from livestock waste such as cow urine. Struvite can be made from a renewable source for a sustainable agricultural development. Theoretically at the yield of 40 g/L a total of 12,176 tons struvite could be made per day all over India for fertilizer use.

/pdf/cow-urine-as-a-potential-source-for-struvite-production-1xl6uk2haz.pdf

Srikanth Mutnuri

Papers

Biogas generation potential by anaerobic digestion for sustainable energy development in India

Electro-Fenton treatment of real pharmaceutical wastewater paired with a BDD anode: Reaction mechanisms and respective contribution of homogeneous and heterogeneous OH

Biodegradation of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia fergusonii isolated from the Goan coast.

Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste.

Cow urine as a potential source for struvite production