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Battery Power Management in Portable Devices.

Energy shortage and environmental pollution issues can be reduced considerably with the development and usage of electric vehicles (EVs). However, electric vehicle performance and battery lifespan depend on a suitable battery arrangement to meet the various battery performance demands. The safety, reliability, and efficiency of EVs largely depends on the constant monitoring of the batteries and management of battery packs. This work comprehensively reviews different aspects of battery management systems (BMS), i.e., architecture, functions, requirements, topologies, fundamentals of battery modeling, different battery models, issues/challenges, recommendations, and active and passive cell balancing approaches, etc., as compared to the existing works which normally discuss one or two aspects only. The work describes BMS functions, battery models and their comparisons in detail for an efficient operation of the battery pack. Similarly, the work presents a comprehensive overview of issues and challenges faced by BMS and also provides recommendations to address these challenges. Cell balancing is very important for the battery performance and in this work various cell balancing methodologies and their comparisons are also presented in detail. Modeling of a cell balancer is presented and a comparative study is also carried out for active and passive cell balance technique in MATLAB/Simulink with an eight cell battery packcell balancing approach. The result shows that the active cell balancing technique is more advantageous than passive balancing for electrical vehicles using lithium-ion batteries.

Characteristics of Battery Management Systems of Electric Vehicles with Consideration of the Active and Passive Cell Balancing Process

An active battery management system for lithium ion battery stacks is described, that is robust and scalable. The architecture is based on an isolation unit consisting of a small equal turns ratio high isolation transformer with two diodes. One isolation unit is connected to each series connected cell in the battery stack and enables both accurate cell voltage monitoring and active cell balancing. The output of the isolation unit is completely galvanically isolated and thus suitable for high voltage packs with stringent safety requirements such as automotive and industrial electrical vehicles. Detailed measurements results are presented and a complete prototype for a LiFePO4 16s2p 2-kWh battery module is constructed and its performance measured.

An Isolated Active Balancing and Monitoring System for Lithium Ion Battery Stacks Utilizing a Single Transformer Per Cell

A battery management system with aging detection based on artificial neural network (ANN) for the state of charge (SOC) balancing is proposed in this paper. The charger adopts a single-inductor multiple-output architecture to achieve charge balancing among different battery cells. In constant current mode, the pulse charging is utilized to improve the charging speed and slow down the aging rate. Moreover, an ANN is proposed to detect the state of health (SOH) of the battery cells and improve the accuracy of the SOC estimation. TSMC 0.35-pm process and TensorFlow are used for simulations. A 94% power efficiency of the charger is achieved. The active area of this design is 1.5 x 1.5 mm2. Experimental results show that 0.32% root-mean square errors for the SOC estimation is obtained.

A Battery Management System with Charge Balancing and Aging Detection Based on ANN

The battery storage system (BSS) is one of the key components in many modern power applications, such as in renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. However, charge imbalance among batteries is very common in BSSs, which may impair the power efficiency, reliability, and safety. Hence, various battery equalization methods have been proposed in the literature. Among these techniques, switched-capacitor (SC)-based battery equalizers (BEs) have attracted much attention due to their low cost, small size, and controllability. In this paper, seven types of SC-based BEs are studied, including conventional, double-tiered, modularized, chain structure types I and II, series-parallel, and single SC-based BEs. Mathematical models that describe the charge–discharge behaviors are first derived. Next, a statistical analysis based on MATLAB simulation is carried out to compare the performance of these seven BEs. Finally, a summary of the circuit design complexity, balancing speed, and practical implementation options for these seven topologies is provided.

Mathematical Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Switched-Capacitor-Based Battery Equalization Systems

Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs need stacked lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells to achieve the required high voltage (HV). Cell monitoring and balancing in a stackable battery system is necessary to compensate for accumulative discharge mechanisms and keep the individual cells in the same state of charge. In this article, an integrated circuit consisting of a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter is designed to measure, monitor, and balance Li-ion cell voltages with a measured accuracy of $\pm$ 7 mV. These stacked cells are compared simultaneously with a reference voltage to balance the cells. Balancing switches for charging/discharging of the cells are integrated within the circuit to support a balancing current of up to 100 mA, which reduces the number of external components for balancing significantly. The circuit supports both active and passive balancing. A synchronous voltage mode level shifting circuit is implemented for communication between the stacked integrated circuits (ICs) to eliminate external components. Internal linear drop outs (LDOs) (3 and 5 V) power most of the blocks in the IC. The design is fabricated in HV 0.35  $\mu$ m complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and found to consume a quiescent current of 17  $\mu$ A.

Srinivas M.B

Papers

A 7-Cell, Stackable, Li-Ion Monitoring and Active/Passive Balancing IC With In-Built Cell Balancing Switches for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles