An electrical energy storage unit and control system, and applications thereof. In an embodiment, the electrical energy storage unit (which may also be referred to as a battery energy storage system (“BESS”)) includes a battery system controller and battery packs. Each battery pack has battery cells, a battery pack controller that monitors the cells, a battery pack cell balancer that adjusts the amount of energy stored in the cells, and a battery pack charger. The battery pack controller operates the battery pack cell balancer and the battery pack charger to control the state-of-charge of the cells. In an embodiment, the cells are lithium ion battery cells.

Battery energy storage system and control system and applications thereof

An electrical energy storage unit and control system, and applications thereof. In an embodiment, the electrical energy storage unit includes a battery system controller and battery packs. Each battery pack has battery cells, a battery pack controller that monitors the cells, a battery pack cell balancer that adjusts the amount of energy stored in the cells, and a battery pack charger. The battery pack controller operates the battery pack cell balancer and the battery pack charger to control the state-of-charge of the cells. In an embodiment, the cells are lithium ion battery cells.

Electrical energy storage unit and control system and applications thereof

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Battery Power Management in Portable Devices.

The disclosed systems and methods are directed to a battery assisted charging station. A battery system comprising plurality of batteries and a battery management system software controlling the operations of the battery system, function together with a vehicle charging system that charges electric vehicles using one or both of stored power provided by a battery system, and power provided by a utility power grid. The battery system uses the power grid to charge the batteries therein.

Battery-assisted electric vehicle charging system and method

Energy shortage and environmental pollution issues can be reduced considerably with the development and usage of electric vehicles (EVs). However, electric vehicle performance and battery lifespan depend on a suitable battery arrangement to meet the various battery performance demands. The safety, reliability, and efficiency of EVs largely depends on the constant monitoring of the batteries and management of battery packs. This work comprehensively reviews different aspects of battery management systems (BMS), i.e., architecture, functions, requirements, topologies, fundamentals of battery modeling, different battery models, issues/challenges, recommendations, and active and passive cell balancing approaches, etc., as compared to the existing works which normally discuss one or two aspects only. The work describes BMS functions, battery models and their comparisons in detail for an efficient operation of the battery pack. Similarly, the work presents a comprehensive overview of issues and challenges faced by BMS and also provides recommendations to address these challenges. Cell balancing is very important for the battery performance and in this work various cell balancing methodologies and their comparisons are also presented in detail. Modeling of a cell balancer is presented and a comparative study is also carried out for active and passive cell balance technique in MATLAB/Simulink with an eight cell battery packcell balancing approach. The result shows that the active cell balancing technique is more advantageous than passive balancing for electrical vehicles using lithium-ion batteries.

Characteristics of Battery Management Systems of Electric Vehicles with Consideration of the Active and Passive Cell Balancing Process

The invention relates to a cell balancing module, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries. The cell balancing module comprises an interface (SPI, VrefH, VrefL) to input a coded reference voltage (Vref) and input nodes (In1, ..., InN) for connecting a stack of energy storage cells (BAT1, ..., BATn). A switching unit (SW) is connected to each of the input nodes (In1, ..., InN) and a local balancing unit (loc) coupled to the switching unit (SW) and the interface (SPI, VrefH, VrefL). The local balancing unit (loc) is designed to compare the coded reference voltage (Vref) with cell voltages (VBAT1, ..., VBATn) of the stack of energy storage cells (BAT1, ..., BATn) to be connected and to charge balance the stack of energy storage cells (BAT1, ..., BATn) to be connected depending on the comparison of coded reference voltage (Vref) and cell voltages (VBAT1, ..., VBATn). The invention also relates to a voltage balancing device and method for cell balancing, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries.

Cell balancing module, voltage balancer device, and method for voltage balancing, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries

Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs need stacked lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells to achieve the required high voltage (HV). Cell monitoring and balancing in a stackable battery system is necessary to compensate for accumulative discharge mechanisms and keep the individual cells in the same state of charge. In this article, an integrated circuit consisting of a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter is designed to measure, monitor, and balance Li-ion cell voltages with a measured accuracy of $\pm$ 7 mV. These stacked cells are compared simultaneously with a reference voltage to balance the cells. Balancing switches for charging/discharging of the cells are integrated within the circuit to support a balancing current of up to 100 mA, which reduces the number of external components for balancing significantly. The circuit supports both active and passive balancing. A synchronous voltage mode level shifting circuit is implemented for communication between the stacked integrated circuits (ICs) to eliminate external components. Internal linear drop outs (LDOs) (3 and 5 V) power most of the blocks in the IC. The design is fabricated in HV 0.35  $\mu$ m complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and found to consume a quiescent current of 17  $\mu$ A.

A 7-Cell, Stackable, Li-Ion Monitoring and Active/Passive Balancing IC With In-Built Cell Balancing Switches for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

A semiconductor circuit (100, 101) comprises a sensor connector (1), a bus interface connector (2) and a sensor interface (10) which is configured to convert an input signal at the sensor connector (1) into at least one data word. The semiconductor circuit (100, 101) further comprises a buffer device (20) which is configured to store the at least one data word and a bus signal converter (30) which is configured to provide a bus signal according to a bus standard of the bus interface connector (2) as a function of the at least one stored data word.

Semiconductor circuit and sensor system

This paper describes Analog-front-end (AFE) for lithium-ion battery management system. It includes the design of the differential clocked comparator which compares the cell voltage and the external reference voltage in the cell voltage domain to find if the cell voltage is within the safe operating range. This also includes PWM drive for the external fly-back dc-dc converter, the charge shuttling switches and control logic for active cell balancing of Lithium-ion battery cells in 0.35um high voltage (HV) CMOS technology. PWM drive circuit generates programmable frequency and programmable duty cycle to drive external low-side FET in the primary of the fly-back dc-dc converter. Secondary of the fly-back converter is connected to on-chip charge shuttling switches. Based on the differential comparators decision for the set target cell balance voltage, the digital finite state machine (FSM) generates control signal to charge individual cells in the battery sequentially. These circuits are part of lithium-ion battery cell balancer IC. The IC is designed to support cell voltage monitoring and cell balancing of a lithium-ion battery of seven cells.

Design of AFE and PWM Drive for Lithium-Ion Battery Management System for HEV/EV System

The invention relates to a cell balancing module, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries. The cell balancing module comprises an interface (SPI, VrefH, VrefL) to input a coded reference voltage (Vref) and input nodes (In 1 , . . . , InN) for connecting a stack of energy storage cells (BAT 1 , . . . , BATn). A switching unit (SW) is connected to each of the input nodes (In 1 , . . . , InN) and a local balancing unit (loc) coupled to the switching unit (SW) and the interface (SPI, VrefH, VrefL). The local balancing unit (loc) is designed to compare the coded reference voltage (Vref) with cell voltages (VBAT 1 , . . . , VBATn) of the stack of energy storage cells (BAT 1 , . . . , BATn) to be connected and to charge balance the stack of energy storage cells (BAT 1 , . . . , BATn) to be connected depending on the comparison of coded reference voltage (Vref) and cell voltages (VBAT 1 , . . . , VBATn). The invention also relates to a voltage balancing device and method for cell balancing, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries.

Cell balancing module and method in voltage balancing device for a stack of batteries which compares the cell voltages to a coded reference voltage derived from at least two reference voltages

Sandeep Vernekar

Papers

Cell balancing module, voltage balancer device, and method for voltage balancing, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries

A 7-Cell, Stackable, Li-Ion Monitoring and Active/Passive Balancing IC With In-Built Cell Balancing Switches for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Semiconductor circuit and sensor system

Design of AFE and PWM Drive for Lithium-Ion Battery Management System for HEV/EV System

Cell balancing module and method in voltage balancing device for a stack of batteries which compares the cell voltages to a coded reference voltage derived from at least two reference voltages