A physical quantity sensor for detecting a physical quantity includes: a first substrate having a first physical quantity detection element; a second substrate having a second physical quantity detection element, wherein the second substrate contacts the first substrate; and an accommodation space disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first physical quantity detection element is disposed in the accommodation space. The first physical quantity detection element is protected with the first substrate and the second substrate since the first physical quantity detection element is sealed in the accommodation space.

Physical quantity sensor

An electrical energy storage unit and control system, and applications thereof. In an embodiment, the electrical energy storage unit (which may also be referred to as a battery energy storage system (“BESS”)) includes a battery system controller and battery packs. Each battery pack has battery cells, a battery pack controller that monitors the cells, a battery pack cell balancer that adjusts the amount of energy stored in the cells, and a battery pack charger. The battery pack controller operates the battery pack cell balancer and the battery pack charger to control the state-of-charge of the cells. In an embodiment, the cells are lithium ion battery cells.

Battery energy storage system and control system and applications thereof

An electrical energy storage unit and control system, and applications thereof. In an embodiment, the electrical energy storage unit includes a battery system controller and battery packs. Each battery pack has battery cells, a battery pack controller that monitors the cells, a battery pack cell balancer that adjusts the amount of energy stored in the cells, and a battery pack charger. The battery pack controller operates the battery pack cell balancer and the battery pack charger to control the state-of-charge of the cells. In an embodiment, the cells are lithium ion battery cells.

Electrical energy storage unit and control system and applications thereof

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Battery Power Management in Portable Devices.

Energy management strategy of thermoelectric generation for localized air conditioners in commercial vehicles based on 48 V electrical system

The invention relates to a magnetic field sensor arrangement (4), comprising a stacked arrangement (1) with a first magnetic field sensor body (20) and a second magnetic field sensor body (40). The first magnetic field sensor body (20) comprises a first main surface (21), on which the first magnetic field sensitive element (23) is arranged and a second main surface (22), approximately parallel to the first main surface (21). The second magnetic field sensor body (40) correspondingly comprises a first main surface (41), on which the second magnetic field sensitive element (43) is arranged and a second main surface (42), approximately parallel to the first main surface (41).

Magnetic field sensor arrangement and method for non-contact measurement of a magnetic field

The invention relates to a cell balancing module, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries. The cell balancing module comprises an interface (SPI, VrefH, VrefL) to input a coded reference voltage (Vref) and input nodes (In1, ..., InN) for connecting a stack of energy storage cells (BAT1, ..., BATn). A switching unit (SW) is connected to each of the input nodes (In1, ..., InN) and a local balancing unit (loc) coupled to the switching unit (SW) and the interface (SPI, VrefH, VrefL). The local balancing unit (loc) is designed to compare the coded reference voltage (Vref) with cell voltages (VBAT1, ..., VBATn) of the stack of energy storage cells (BAT1, ..., BATn) to be connected and to charge balance the stack of energy storage cells (BAT1, ..., BATn) to be connected depending on the comparison of coded reference voltage (Vref) and cell voltages (VBAT1, ..., VBATn). The invention also relates to a voltage balancing device and method for cell balancing, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries.

Cell balancing module, voltage balancer device, and method for voltage balancing, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries

Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs need stacked lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells to achieve the required high voltage (HV). Cell monitoring and balancing in a stackable battery system is necessary to compensate for accumulative discharge mechanisms and keep the individual cells in the same state of charge. In this article, an integrated circuit consisting of a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter is designed to measure, monitor, and balance Li-ion cell voltages with a measured accuracy of $\pm$ 7 mV. These stacked cells are compared simultaneously with a reference voltage to balance the cells. Balancing switches for charging/discharging of the cells are integrated within the circuit to support a balancing current of up to 100 mA, which reduces the number of external components for balancing significantly. The circuit supports both active and passive balancing. A synchronous voltage mode level shifting circuit is implemented for communication between the stacked integrated circuits (ICs) to eliminate external components. Internal linear drop outs (LDOs) (3 and 5 V) power most of the blocks in the IC. The design is fabricated in HV 0.35  $\mu$ m complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and found to consume a quiescent current of 17  $\mu$ A.

A 7-Cell, Stackable, Li-Ion Monitoring and Active/Passive Balancing IC With In-Built Cell Balancing Switches for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Eine Magnetfeldsensoranordnung (4) umfasst eine Stapelanordnung (1) mit einem ersten Magnetfeldsensorkorper (20) und einem zweiten Magnetfeldsensorkorper (40). Der erste Magnetfeldsensorkorper (20) weist eine erste Hauptflache (21), an der ein erstes magnetfeldsensitives Element (23) angeordnet ist, und eine zweite Hauptflache (22) auf, welche zu der ersten Hauptflache (21) naherungsweise parallel ist. Der zweite Magnetfeldsensorkorper (40) weist entsprechend eine erste Hauptflache (41), an der ein zweites magnetfeldsensitives Element (43) angeordnet ist, und eine zweite Hauptflache (42) auf, welche zu der ersten Hauptflache (41) naherungsweise parallel ist.

Magnetfeldsensoranordnung und verfahren zur berührungslosen messung eines magnetfeldes

A current-sense amplifier arrangement comprises a resistor (8) coupled to a first voltage source (9) and a feedback differential amplifier (20), that amplifier comprising a first amplifier stage and a second amplifier stage. The first amplifier stage is supplied by the first voltage source (9) and adapted to receive a chopped differential voltage (10) derived by a current flowing through the resistor. The second amplifier stage is supplied by a second voltage source and adapted to receive a differential signal provided by the first stage and adapted to provide an output signal having a common mode voltage. A dechopper (51) is supplied by a voltage derived by the second voltage source, the dechopper coupled to an output of the second stage of the feedback differential amplifier.

Manfred Brandl

Papers

Magnetic field sensor arrangement and method for non-contact measurement of a magnetic field

Cell balancing module, voltage balancer device, and method for voltage balancing, particularly for voltage balancing of a stack of batteries

A 7-Cell, Stackable, Li-Ion Monitoring and Active/Passive Balancing IC With In-Built Cell Balancing Switches for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Magnetfeldsensoranordnung und verfahren zur berührungslosen messung eines magnetfeldes

Current-sense amplifier arrangement and method for measuring a voltage signal