There is an increased focus worldwide on understanding and modeling rolling resistance because reducing the rolling resistance by just a few percent will lead to substantial energy savings. This paper reviews the state of the art of rolling resistance research, focusing on measuring techniques, surface and texture modeling, contact models, tire models, and macro-modeling of rolling resistance.

Rolling Resistance Measurement and Model Development

Tyre performance, one of the critical factors for vehicle users, is strongly related to the road surface characteristics, most notably to the pavement texture. Phenomena that occur at the tyre/road interface affect tyre friction (skid resistance), rolling resistance, tyre wear and tyre/road noise. This article deals with relationship between surface texture and rolling resistance of light and heavy vehicle tyres. Mean profile depth (MPD) is one of the most common descriptors of road surfaces and in many studies it is correlated with rolling resistance of tyres. Results of measurements performed by the Technical University of Gdansk show that although the correlation exists, it is not very strong and regression between MPD and rolling resistance is not linear. The key reason for this is partial enveloping of the tyre tread interacting with pavement texture. The article presents results of laboratory and road measurements of rolling resistance performed on road surfaces characterised by MPD from 0.20 up to ...

Road texture influence on tyre rolling resistance

Literature review of models on tire-pavement interaction noise

Air-pumping noise from a car tire is investigated with a hybrid technique composed of three stages: (1) small-scale air-pumping noise generation process is modeled as a piston-like movement of the base-side of the tire groove and then numerically simulated; (2) the flow properties in the tire groove are used as air-pumping sources and noise propagation is simulated with emphasis placed on scattering process with full tire/road geometry; (3) the far-field acoustic pressure is predicted from a Kirchhoff integral method by using unsteady flow data in space and time which is provided by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation of full tire-road domain. The comparison of predicted results shows that the nonlinearity of the air-pumping noise generation mechanism affects not only noise characteristics in frequency domain but also in the directivity pattern. It seems that this approach can overcome the weakness of the acoustic monopole theory which stems from the usual assumption of a small amplitude ac...

Prediction method for tire air-pumping noise using a hybrid technique

Traffic noise is the perpetual form of environmental pollution adversely affecting human health in urban environments. This literature review, intended for pavement researchers and professionals, l...

Low-Noise pavement technologies and evaluation techniques: a literature review

Tyre load and inflation pressure are important factors controlling rolling resistance of road vehicles. The article presents results obtained in the Technical University of Gdansk during laboratory and road measurements of different car tyres rolling on different pavements. The knowledge of rolling resistance characteristics is important for modelling car dynamics as well as fuel consumption. It is also necessary to establish proper test conditions in the future standardized on-road method of measuring rolling resistance. The results indicate that while an increase of load always leads to the increase of rolling resistance force, the influence on Coefficient of Rolling Resistance is more complicated and unpredictable. They also indicate that tyres with high rolling resistance are more sensitive to inflation pressure changes than low rolling resistance tyres.

Influence of load and inflation pressure on the tyre rolling resistance

Temperature is a very important factor controlling rolling resistance of road vehicle tyres. There are at least three different temperatures that may be considered as important factors controlling thermal conditions of the rolling tyre. The most common measure of the thermal conditions during tyre rolling is ambient air temperature. The other two are: pavement temperature and “tyre” temperature. Tyre temperature is the most difficult to establish, as temperatures of different parts of rolling tyres differ considerably, thus there is a problem to obtain representative values. In the authors’ opinion, air temperature is the most universal and reliable parameter to measure. The article presents results obtained in the Technical University of Gdansk during laboratory and road measurements of different car tyres rolling on different pavements. The knowledge of rolling resistance characteristics is important for modelling car dynamics as well as fuel consumption. It is also necessary to establish proper test conditions in the future standardized on-road method of measuring rolling resistance. The results indicate that generally each tyre and pavement combination is influenced by the air temperature in a unique way, but at the same it is possible to propose some general influence factors that may be used to normalize measurements to the standard temperature of 25 °C.

Influence of temperature on the tyre rolling resistance

An indoor road-wheel facility at the Technical University of Gdansk was used to study the noise emission from a variety of tires with different tread patterns. The tires were run both on a smooth steel drum and a drum covered by a replica road surface. All tread patterns were hand-cut to generate several families of simple treads with regular pitch for a systematic study of how groove design influences noise. Most of the observed, tread influenced phenomena could be explained by generation mechanisms such as radial vibrations induced by tread block impact, pocket air pumping and pipe resonances in the grooves. For instance, it was observed that, when speed increases, sooner or later the tread block impact frequency will coincide with the pipe resonance frequency, and then generate excessive noise at that speed.

Influence of Tread Pattern on Tire/Road Noise

Tire rolling resistance is one of the most important resistive forces acting on road vehicles It depends on tire and surface characteristics as well as vehicle operating parameters This paper deals with the influence of road surface texture on rolling resistance of passenger car tires Results of road measurements performed on variety of road surfaces are presented

Road Texture Influence on Tire Rolling Resistance

Low Emission Vehicles that are hybrid and electric cars may benefit from specially designed tires that are optimized for driving conditions typical for such vehicles. It is possible that in the future Low Emission Vehicles, especially passenger cars, will substitute conventional vehicles in all applications, however for the time being they are mostly used in urban and suburban
areas. Urban traffic has a rather low demand for grip performance of tires due to relatively
low speeds. At the same time it imposes high demands for low noise emission of tires, as traffic noise is one of the most difficult environmental problem in towns. For electric vehicles there is also a very high need to ascertain necessary vehicle's range of operation by lowering the rolling resistance of tires as much as possible. The paper discusses selected aspects
of hybrid and electric tires’ use and presents results of noise measurements performed for
tires that are specially designed for LEV's or that are commonly used in such vehicles. The
measurements were performed both at the laboratory using roadwheel facilities with drums covered by replica road surfaces and on the road by the Close Proximity Method. As supplementary information, to prove that there is no conflict between low noise and low rolling resistance tires, rolling resistance of tested tires is presented.

https://leo.mech.pg.gda.pl/sites/leo.mech.pg.gda.pl/files/ICSV21%20Low%20noise%20tires%20for%20hybrid%20and%20electric%20vehicles.pdf

Stanisław Taryma

Papers

Influence of load and inflation pressure on the tyre rolling resistance

Influence of temperature on the tyre rolling resistance

Influence of Tread Pattern on Tire/Road Noise

Road Texture Influence on Tire Rolling Resistance

Low noise tires for hybrid and electric vehicles