Polymers for flexible displays: From material selection to device applications

The Discovery and Development of Conducting Polymers The Scope of This Historical Overview Introduction An Early Example: Polyaniline The First Electrically Conductive Poly(Heterocycle): Polypyrrole The Fundamental Breakthrough: Doped Polyacetylene Conductive Polymers versus Metals and Insulators Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators Conjugated Polymers Temperature-Dependent Conductivity Order and Disorder Polythiophenes: A Chance for Maximum Conductivity? Oxygen-Substituted Polythiophenes A Short History of the PEDOT Invention The Synthesis of EDOT Monomer, and Its Physical and Chemical Properties Monomer Synthesis Physical Properties Chemical Properties From EDOT to PEDOT: Oxidative Polymerization and Other Routes Oxidative Polymerization and Doping "Self-Oxidation" of EDOT Halogen Derivatives The Organometallic Route to PEDOT Neutral, Undoped PEDOT by Oxidative Polymerization Counterions for PEDOT Counterions in Electrochemically Polymerized PEDOT Counterions in Chemically Polymerized PEDOT The In Situ Polymerization of EDOT to PEDOT Synthesis of In Situ PEDOT Properties of In Situ PEDOT In Situ Polymerization of EDOT Derivatives and Relatives PEDOT: PSS PEDOT: PSS Dispersions Properties of PEDOT: PSS Secondary Doping Applications Solid Electrolyte Capacitors Through Hole Plating for Printed Wiring Boards ITO Substitution Antistatic Coatings Electroluminescent Lamps Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) PEDOT:PSS in Organic Solar Cells Electrochromic Behavior Organic Field-Effect Transistors Technical Use and Commercial Aspects EDOT and PEDOT Derivatives with Covalently Attached Side Groups EDOT-CH2OH and Its Derivatives EDOT-CH2Cl and Its Follow-Up Products Alkyl EDOTs Water Soluble, "Self-Doping" EDOT Derivatives XDOTs, EDXTs, EDOXs, and 2(5)-X(2)-EDOTs: Ring Size Variations, Heteroanalogs, and Derivatives of EDOT with Substituents at the Thiophene Ring 3,4-Methylenedioxythiophene (MDOT) ProDOT (Propylenedioxythiophene) Derivatives Vinylenedioxythiophene (VDOT) and Benzo-EDOT 3,4-Ethyleneoxythiathiophene (EOTT) 3,4-Ethylene dithiathiophene (EDTT) 3,4-Ethylenedioxypyrrole (EDOP) and Its Derivatives 3,4-Ethylenedioxyselenophene (EDOS) 2,5-Disubstituted EDOT Derivatives [2(,5)-X(2)-EDOTs] The Electrochemical Behavior of EDOT and PEDOT

PEDOT : Principles and Applications of an Intrinsically Conductive Polymer

Material challenge for flexible organic devices

One of the advantages of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) over other display technologies is the ability to fabricate them on flexible substrates. As polymer substrates do not offer the same barrier performance as glass, OLEDs on polymer substrates will require thin-film barriers on both the bottom and top side of the device layers for sufficient lifetimes. This article provides a review of permeation-barrier technologies as well as the current status of thin-film permeation barriers for OLEDs. Topics include the implications of various device structures, permeation rate measurement, background and state-of-the-art of barrier technology, and mechanical and optical considerations for effective barriers.

Thin-film permeation-barrier technology for flexible organic light-emitting devices

Recent advances in molecular organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have shown 10% power conversion efficiency (PCE) for single-junction cells, which put them in direct competition with PVs based on amorphous silicon. Incorporation of plasmonic nanostructures for light trapping in these thin-film devices offers an attractive solution to realize higher-efficiency OPVs with PCE>>10%. This article reviews recent progress on plasmonic-enhanced OPV devices using metallic nanoparticles, and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) patterned periodic nanostructures. We discuss the benefits of using various plasmonic nanostructures for broad-band, polarization-insensitive and angle-independent absorption enhancement, and their integration with one or two electrode(s) of an OPV device.

Plasmonic-enhanced organic photovoltaics: breaking the 10% efficiency barrier.

Organic light-emitting diodes were fabricated on a 125-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate substrate covered with 100 nm indium tin oxide. The luminance–current–voltage performance and the emission spectrum of the devices are investigated in the bent state under mechanical stress at different bending radii. Down to a curvature of 15 mm, no significant decrease in the device performance is found compared to the relaxed state, as well as to conventional devices on glass substrates.

Stephan Roeger

Papers

Performance of flexible polymeric light-emitting diodes under bending conditions