The recent advent of smart materials, such as piezoelectric materials, shape-memory alloys, and optical fibers, has added a new dimension to present structural health monitoring techniques. In particular, the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) sensing technique utilizing piezoelectric materials has emerged as a potential tool for the implementation of a built-in monitoring system for damage detection of civil structures. However, there is little effort to apply this technique for concrete monitoring. In this study, an effort to extend the applicability of the EMI sensing technique is made for strength gain monitoring of early age concrete. PZT (piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate) patches are employed to sense the EMI signature of curing concrete. A series of experiments was conducted on concrete specimens to verify the applicability of the EMI sensing technique. The results show the excellent potential of the EMI sensing technique as a practical and reliable nondestructive method for strength gain monitoring.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/17/5/055002/pdf

Piezoelectric sensor based nondestructive active monitoring of strength gain in concrete

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in numerical wave propagation analysis. The main focus in that regard is on guided wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. A brief introduction to SHM and SHM-related problems is given, and various numerical methods are then discussed and assessed with respect to their capability of simulating guided wave propagation phenomena. A detailed evaluation of the following
methods is compiled: (i) analytical methods, (ii) semi-analytical methods, (iii) the local interaction simulation approach (LISA), (iv) finite element methods (FEMs), and (v) miscellaneous methods such as mass–spring lattice models (MSLMs), boundary element methods (BEMs), and fictitious domain methods. In the framework of the FEM, both time and frequency domain approaches are covered, and the advantages of using high order shape functions are also examined.

Simulation Methods for Guided Wave-Based Structural Health Monitoring: A Review

Guided waves in plates, known as Lamb waves, are characterized by complex, multimodal, and frequency dispersive wave propagation, which distort signals and make their analysis difficult. Estimating these multimodal and dispersive characteristics from experimental data becomes a difficult, underdetermined inverse problem. To accurately and robustly recover these multimodal and dispersive properties, this paper presents a methodology referred to as sparse wavenumber analysis based on sparse recovery methods. By utilizing a general model for Lamb waves, waves propagating in a plate structure, and robust l1 optimization strategies, sparse wavenumber analysis accurately recovers the Lamb wave's frequency-wavenumber representation with a limited number of surface mounted transducers. This is demonstrated with both simulated and experimental data in the presence of multipath reflections. With accurate frequency-wavenumber representations, sparse wavenumber synthesis is then used to accurately remove multipath interference in each measurement and predict the responses between arbitrary points on a plate.

Sparse recovery of the multimodal and dispersive characteristics of Lamb waves.

Environmental and operational conditions effects on Lamb wave based structural health monitoring systems: A review

In recent years, with the development of materials science and architectural art, ensuring the safety of modern buildings is the top priority while they are developing toward higher, lighter, and more unique trends. Structural health monitoring (SHM) is currently an extremely effective and vital safeguard measure. Because of the fiber-optic sensor's (FOS) inherent distinctive advantages (such as small size, lightweight, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and corrosion, and embedding capability), a significant number of innovative sensing systems have been exploited in the civil engineering for SHM used in projects (including buildings, bridges, tunnels, etc.). The purpose of this review article is devoted to presenting a summary of the basic principles of various fiber-optic sensors, classification and principles of FOS, typical and functional fiber-optic sensors (FOSs), and the practical application status of the FOS technology in SHM of civil infrastructure.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/16/4517/pdf

Recent Progress of Fiber-Optic Sensors for the Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure.

Effect of adhesive on the performance of piezoelectric elements used to monitor structural health

Military missiles are exposed to many sources of mechanical vibration that can affect system reliability, safety, and mission effectiveness. The US Army Aviation and Missile Research Development an...

Missile captive carry monitoring and helicopter identification using a capacitive microelectromechanical systems accelerometer

Tactical missiles within the US Army are regularly subjected to severe stresses such as long term exposure in harsh environments and transportation handling. These stresses factor into the ageing, deterioration, and eventual decommissioning of some of the Army’s critical warfighting assets. The negative reliability impacts associated with long-term ageing and deterioration significantly affect the total lifecycle cost of fielding these weapons in a high state of readiness. Reliability evaluation of past data has indicated failures in missile structural, energetic, and electronic components associated with the long-term exposure to heat, humidity, and transportation shocks. Unlike strategic missiles, tactical missiles undergo a very minimum of field checks and non-destructive evaluation on a routine basis. The Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center have been developing a health monitoring system called Remote Readiness Asset Prognostics and Diagnostics System (RRAPDS) to assess and improve reliability of the missiles during storage and field exposures [1]. RRAPDS will use external and internal sensors to provide data to assess missile conditions and predict reliability. This paper describes the approach to predict reliability of missile components like propellant, nozzles, and thermal batteries using sensor data from RRAPDS, and prognostic models for structural integrity and damage mechanisms. Probabilistic models will quantify all the uncertainties present in the health monitoring data and finite element models, to provide a realistic reliability evaluation.

/pdf/predicting-reliability-of-tactical-missiles-using-health-4857ev9i1e.pdf

Predicting reliability of tactical missiles using health monitoring data and probabilistic engineering analyses

: Strategically Tuned Absolutely Resilient Structures (STARS) are being designed to store potential energy in the form of elastic deformation that can be released in a controlled fashion as work or kinetic energy This paper outlines steps being taken to monitor the structural health of STARS by making modifications to a Remote Readiness Asset Prognostic and Diagnostic System (RRAPDS) The latter is being developed by the US Army Aviation and Missile Command Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC)/US Army Tank Automotive and Armaments Command, Armaments Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) to monitor health/condition and deliver advanced diagnostics/prognostics while an asset (ie, missile) is tactically deployed, in storage, and/or being transported As an example of this application, it is described how and why accelerometers are being redesigned to quantify the dynamic performance of "ConQuest," Team UAH's entry in the 2004 ASCE/MBT National Concrete Canoe Competition

/pdf/structural-health-monitoring-of-strategically-tuned-zpwmrbbo1c.pdf

Structural Health Monitoring of Strategically Tuned Absolutely Resilient Structures (STARS)

This paper addresses the design, fabrication and characterization of a first-generation, low frequency MEMS vibration sensor. The sensor is designed specifically for applications requiring extremely low power vibration detection at only targeted frequencies. For development, lumped element and finite element modeling was performed, driving the design towards a realizable geometry that addresses the targeted performance specs. The sensors were microfabricated using conventional surface micromachining, sol-gel PZT (lead zirconate titanate) thin films, and bulk silicon etching techniques. The completed sensors were then characterized to determine electrical, mechanical and piezoelectric properties at the material and device level. Results demonstrate functional operation with performance close to predicted specifications.

Stephen A. Marotta

Papers

Effect of adhesive on the performance of piezoelectric elements used to monitor structural health

Missile captive carry monitoring and helicopter identification using a capacitive microelectromechanical systems accelerometer

Predicting reliability of tactical missiles using health monitoring data and probabilistic engineering analyses

Structural Health Monitoring of Strategically Tuned Absolutely Resilient Structures (STARS)

A low frequency MEMS vibration sensor for low power missile health monitoring