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Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Evaluating complex interventions is complicated. The Medical Research Council9s evaluation framework (2000) brought welcome clarity to the task. Now the council has updated its guidance

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/337/bmj.a1655.full.pdf

Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.

/pdf/efficacy-of-the-theory-of-planned-behaviour-a-meta-analytic-32gm69pazu.pdf

Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review.

In this chapter a theory of motivation and emotion developed from an attributional perspective is presented Before undertaking this central task, it might be beneficial to review the progression of the book In Chapter 1 it was suggested that causal attributions have been prevalent throughout history and in disparate cultures Studies reviewed in Chapter 2 revealed a large number of causal ascriptions within motivational domains, and different ascriptions in disparate domains Yet some attributions, particularly ability and effort in the achievement area, dominate causal thinking To compare and contrast causes such as ability and effort, their common denominators or shared properties were identified Three causal dimensions, examined in Chapter 3, are locus, stability, and controllability, with intentionality and globality as other possible causal properties As documented in Chapter 4, the perceived stability of a cause influences the subjective probability of success following a previous success or failure; causes perceived as enduring increase the certainty that the prior outcome will be repeated in the future And all the causal dimensions, as well as the outcome of an activity and specific causes, influence the emotions experienced after attainment or nonattainment of a goal The affects linked to causal dimensions include pride (with locus), hopelessness and resignation (with stability), and anger, gratitude, guilt, pity, and shame (with controllability)

/pdf/an-attributional-theory-of-achievement-motivation-and-2eu5g13rxj.pdf

An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.

Objective—To investigate predictors of attendance in the United Kingdom flexible sigmoidoscopy screening trial. Design—Prospective design in which participants completed a postal questionnaire before being sent their invitation for screening. Setting—Welwyn Garden City and Leicester, United Kingdom. Participants—A total of 2758 patients aged 55 to 64, registered with general practices in the two centres, who (a) expressed interest in having the screening test, (b) completed a postal questionnaire, and (c) were subsequently invited for screening. Main results—The attendance rate among questionnaire responders was 76.1%.Multiple logistic regression analysis yielded a final model that included nine independent predictors of attendance.Patients with the following characteristics were more likely to attend: men; home owners; non-smokers; those who had regular check ups at the dentist; those with better subjective health; those who minded less about having medical tests; those who said they would definitely rather than probably take up the oVer of sigmoidoscopy screening; and those who perceived less barriers and more benefits to having the test. Conclusions—The findings are broadly consistent with previous studies of screening participation, although subjective health emerged as an important predictor in this study. There was no evidence for “reverse targeting”: attenders were not at lower (or higher) risk for colorectal cancer compared with non-attenders. The findings relating to attitudes and beliefs could be used in eVorts to improve attendance, for example by developing information leaflets that address barriers to screening. Other findings could be used to target interventions to subgroups that have relatively low rates of screening participation. (J Med Screen 2000;7:99‐104) Keyword: sigmoidoscopy

Predictors of attendance in the United Kingdom flexible sigmoidoscopy screening trial.

This article describes a trial of a psychoeducational intervention designed to modify negative attitudes toward flexible sigmoidoscopy screening and thereby increase screening attendance. The intervention materials addressed the multiple barriers shown to be associated with participation in earlier studies. Adults ages 55-64 (N = 2,966), in a "harder-to-reach" group were randomized either to receive an intervention brochure or to a standard invitation group. Attitudes and expectations were assessed by questionnaire, and attendance at the clinic was recorded. Compared with controls, the intervention group had less negative attitudes, anticipated a more positive experience, and had a 3.6% higher level of attendance. These results indicate that psychoeducational interventions can provide an effective means of modifying attitudes and increasing rates of screening attendance.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/hea/22/1/99.pdf

Increasing attendance at colorectal cancer screening: Testing the efficacy of a mailed, psychoeducational intervention in a community sample of older adults

Maintaining the performance of exercises recommended by rehabilitation specialists and recovering after lapses in the performance of exercises constitute a process of behavior change. Usually, researchers assume that the same cognitions may help individuals to maintain their activity and to recover from relapse. Self-efficacy, which can be defined as beliefs about one’s ability to perform a specific action (Bandura, 1997), is associated with a patient’s adherence during and after rehabilitation programs (Carlson et al., 2001; Guillot, Kilpatrick, Hebert, & Hollander, 2004; McAuley, Pena, & Jerome, 2001). In this study, we investigated whether specific beliefs predict the performance of exercises recommended by rehabilitation specialists, by examining whether patients maintained their activity levels or relapsed to their less active lifestyles.

https://www.phpc.cam.ac.uk/pcu/wp-content/files/2012/01/rehab-psychol-2006-final.pdf

Physical Activity After Cardiac Rehabilitation: Evidence That Different Types of Self-Efficacy Are Important in Maintainers and Relapsers

Summary

This paper reviews a number of psychological theories of decision-making and attitude-behaviour relations that have been applied, or are potentially applicable, to addictive behaviours. The theories discussed (subjective expected utility models, Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action, and the Health Belief Model) are expectancy-value formulations in which the key concepts are the expectancies or subjective probabilities concerning the outcomes of a given action and the subjective values or utilities attached to those outcomes. Potential criticisms of this approach are considered in the course of reviewing the theories and the research bearing on them. It is concluded that the theories discussed are a rich source of ideas that may be used to further our understanding of addictive behaviours but that their potential has so far been largely untapped. In particular, studies are required that involve experimental manipulation and/or repeated measurement of beliefs and attitudes.

Stephen Sutton

Papers

Predictors of attendance in the United Kingdom flexible sigmoidoscopy screening trial.

Increasing attendance at colorectal cancer screening: Testing the efficacy of a mailed, psychoeducational intervention in a community sample of older adults

Physical Activity After Cardiac Rehabilitation: Evidence That Different Types of Self-Efficacy Are Important in Maintainers and Relapsers

Social-psychological Approaches to Understanding Addictive Behaviours: attitude-behaviour and decision-making models

Using social cognition models to develop health behaviour interventions: Problems and assumptions.