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http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI%20101/Andrady2011Plastics.pdf

Microplastics in the marine environment

One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic...

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Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.

This review of 68 studies compares the methodologies used for the identification and quantification of microplastics from the marine environment. Three main sampling strategies were identified: selective, volume-reduced, and bulk sampling. Most sediment samples came from sandy beaches at the high tide line, and most seawater samples were taken at the sea surface using neuston nets. Four steps were distinguished during sample processing: density separation, filtration, sieving, and visual sorting of microplastics. Visual sorting was one of the most commonly used methods for the identification of microplastics (using type, shape, degradation stage, and color as criteria). Chemical and physical characteristics (e.g., specific density) were also used. The most reliable method to identify the chemical composition of microplastics is by infrared spectroscopy. Most studies reported that plastic fragments were polyethylene and polypropylene polymers. Units commonly used for abundance estimates are “items per m2” ...

/pdf/microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-a-review-of-the-fg3wzn5tjn.pdf

Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification

As the environment preservation gradually becomes a matter of major social concern and more strict legislation is being imposed on effluent discharge, more effective processes are required to deal with non-readily biodegradable and toxic pollutants. Synthetic organic dyes in industrial effluents cannot be destroyed in conventional wastewater treatment and consequently, an urgent challenge is the development of new environmentally benign technologies able to mineralize completely these non-biodegradable compounds. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the electrochemical methods used at lab and pilot plant scale to decontaminate synthetic and real effluents containing dyes, considering the period from 2009 to 2013, as an update of our previous review up to 2008. Fundamentals and main applications of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the other electrochemical approaches are described. Typical methods such as electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrochemical oxidation and indirect electro-oxidation with active chlorine species are discussed. Recent advances on electrocatalysis related to the nature of anode material to generate strong heterogeneous OH as mediated oxidant of dyes in electrochemical oxidation are extensively examined. The fast destruction of dyestuffs mediated with electrogenerated active chlorine is analyzed. Electro-Fenton and photo-assisted electrochemical methods like photoelectrocatalysis and photoelectro-Fenton, which destroy dyes by heterogeneous OH and/or homogeneous OH produced in the solution bulk, are described. Current advantages of the exposition of effluents to sunlight in the emerging photo-assisted procedures of solar photoelectrocatalysis and solar photoelectro-Fenton are detailed. The characteristics of novel combined methods involving photocatalysis, adsorption, nanofiltration, microwaves and ultrasounds among others and the use of microbial fuel cells are finally discussed.

Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review

The synthesis of benzyl alkyl ethers from benzyl bromides and alcohols using FeSO4 as a recoverable and reusable mediator has been described without use of base and cosolvent under mild conditions.

New Method for the Synthesis of Benzyl Alkyl Ethers Mediated by FeSO4.

A transition metal-free iodine catalyzed synthesis of indolizine derivatives through [3+2] cyclization of 2-pyridylesters and chalcones has been described. The method is efficient to synthesize a variety of substituted indolizines including hetero aromatic indolizines. Mechanistic studies reveal that, the reaction follows the radical pathway.

Iodine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cyclization of 2‐Pyridylesters and Chalcones: Metal‐Free Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted Indolizines.

H‐β‐Zeolite Catalyzed Synthesis of β‐Bromostyrenes from Styrene Bromohydrins.

The copper (I)-catalyzed direct synthesis of imines from amines under mild aerobic conditions is described. The method is applicable for the synthesis of various imines from corresponding amines such as benzylic, aliphatic, cyclic secondary, heteroaromatic species and the oxidative condensation of benzylamines with anilines extends the scope of the CuCl catalytic system. Noteworthy, solvent-free procedure, air as a benign oxidant, and the cheap and easy availability of the catalyst are the vital advantages of the method.

Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Amines to Imines under Neat Conditions with Low Catalyst Loading.

The reaction conditions are optimized concerning catalyst amount, solvent, and temperature and the scope of the arylation is explored.

Subbarayappa Adimurthy

Papers

New Method for the Synthesis of Benzyl Alkyl Ethers Mediated by FeSO4.

Iodine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cyclization of 2‐Pyridylesters and Chalcones: Metal‐Free Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted Indolizines.

H‐β‐Zeolite Catalyzed Synthesis of β‐Bromostyrenes from Styrene Bromohydrins.

Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Amines to Imines under Neat Conditions with Low Catalyst Loading.

KHSO4: A Highly Efficient and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Hydroarylation of Styrenes.