다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI%20101/Andrady2011Plastics.pdf

Microplastics in the marine environment

One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic...

/pdf/accumulation-and-fragmentation-of-plastic-debris-in-global-2ayi1pcd8z.pdf

Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.

This review of 68 studies compares the methodologies used for the identification and quantification of microplastics from the marine environment. Three main sampling strategies were identified: selective, volume-reduced, and bulk sampling. Most sediment samples came from sandy beaches at the high tide line, and most seawater samples were taken at the sea surface using neuston nets. Four steps were distinguished during sample processing: density separation, filtration, sieving, and visual sorting of microplastics. Visual sorting was one of the most commonly used methods for the identification of microplastics (using type, shape, degradation stage, and color as criteria). Chemical and physical characteristics (e.g., specific density) were also used. The most reliable method to identify the chemical composition of microplastics is by infrared spectroscopy. Most studies reported that plastic fragments were polyethylene and polypropylene polymers. Units commonly used for abundance estimates are “items per m2” ...

/pdf/microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-a-review-of-the-fg3wzn5tjn.pdf

Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification

As the environment preservation gradually becomes a matter of major social concern and more strict legislation is being imposed on effluent discharge, more effective processes are required to deal with non-readily biodegradable and toxic pollutants. Synthetic organic dyes in industrial effluents cannot be destroyed in conventional wastewater treatment and consequently, an urgent challenge is the development of new environmentally benign technologies able to mineralize completely these non-biodegradable compounds. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the electrochemical methods used at lab and pilot plant scale to decontaminate synthetic and real effluents containing dyes, considering the period from 2009 to 2013, as an update of our previous review up to 2008. Fundamentals and main applications of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the other electrochemical approaches are described. Typical methods such as electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrochemical oxidation and indirect electro-oxidation with active chlorine species are discussed. Recent advances on electrocatalysis related to the nature of anode material to generate strong heterogeneous OH as mediated oxidant of dyes in electrochemical oxidation are extensively examined. The fast destruction of dyestuffs mediated with electrogenerated active chlorine is analyzed. Electro-Fenton and photo-assisted electrochemical methods like photoelectrocatalysis and photoelectro-Fenton, which destroy dyes by heterogeneous OH and/or homogeneous OH produced in the solution bulk, are described. Current advantages of the exposition of effluents to sunlight in the emerging photo-assisted procedures of solar photoelectrocatalysis and solar photoelectro-Fenton are detailed. The characteristics of novel combined methods involving photocatalysis, adsorption, nanofiltration, microwaves and ultrasounds among others and the use of microbial fuel cells are finally discussed.

Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review

The conversion of vic-1,2 dibromides to α-bromoketones and epoxides using H 2 O 2 /dioxane and NaOH/water respectively under mild conditions has been described.

Easy Access to α-Bromoketones and Epoxides from vic-Dibromides under Aqueous Conditions.

Facile bromination of various organic substrates has been demonstrated with a 2 : 1 bromide:bromate reagent prepared from the alkaline intermediate of the conventional bromine recovery process. The reagent is acidified in situ to generate HOBr as the reactive species, which effects bromination. Aromatic substrates that have been successfully brominated under ambient conditions without use of any catalyst include phenols, anilines, aromatic ethers and even benzene. Non-aromatic compounds bearing active methylene group were monobrominated selectively with the present reagent and olefinic compounds were converted into the corresponding bromohydrins in moderate yields. By obtaining the present reagent from the liquid bromine precursor, the twin advantages of avoiding liquid bromine and producing the reagent in a cost-effective manner are realised. When coupled with the additional advantage of high bromine atom efficiency, the present protocol becomes attractive all the way from “cradle to grave”.

Eco-Friendly and Versatile Brominating Reagent Prepared from a Liquid Bromine Precursor.

A metal- and peroxide-free N-acylation of anilines with 1,3-diketones with oxygen as oxidant yields the corresponding N-aryl amides under mild conditions.

AIBN-Promoted Amidation of Anilines with 1, 3-Diketones via Oxidative Cleavage of C—C Bond under Aerobic Conditions.

An economical and green conversion of 2-bromo-1-phenylethanols and benzylic alcohols into 1,1′-oxybis(2-bromoethane-1,1-diyl)dibenzenes and 1-(1-(benyloxy)-2-bromomethy)benzenes catalyzed by KHSO4 under neat condition is described. The present protocol is facile and chemoselective without transition-metal catalyst/solvent, and the KHSO4 catalyst is recyclable.

KHSO4‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,1′‐Oxybis(2‐bromoethane‐1,1‐diyl)dibenzenes and 1‐(1‐(Benzyloxy)‐2‐bromoethyl)benzenes under Solvent‐Free Conditions.

Synthesis of (hetero)aryl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines through [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-aminopyridine with β-nitrostyrenes followed by in situ denitration and oxidation under metal-free, mild conditions are described.

Subbarayappa Adimurthy

Papers

Easy Access to α-Bromoketones and Epoxides from vic-Dibromides under Aqueous Conditions.

Eco-Friendly and Versatile Brominating Reagent Prepared from a Liquid Bromine Precursor.

AIBN-Promoted Amidation of Anilines with 1, 3-Diketones via Oxidative Cleavage of C—C Bond under Aerobic Conditions.

KHSO4‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,1′‐Oxybis(2‐bromoethane‐1,1‐diyl)dibenzenes and 1‐(1‐(Benzyloxy)‐2‐bromoethyl)benzenes under Solvent‐Free Conditions.

Substrate Selective Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines Through [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N-Aminopyridines and β-Nitro Styrenes.