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http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI%20101/Andrady2011Plastics.pdf

Microplastics in the marine environment

One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic...

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Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.

This review of 68 studies compares the methodologies used for the identification and quantification of microplastics from the marine environment. Three main sampling strategies were identified: selective, volume-reduced, and bulk sampling. Most sediment samples came from sandy beaches at the high tide line, and most seawater samples were taken at the sea surface using neuston nets. Four steps were distinguished during sample processing: density separation, filtration, sieving, and visual sorting of microplastics. Visual sorting was one of the most commonly used methods for the identification of microplastics (using type, shape, degradation stage, and color as criteria). Chemical and physical characteristics (e.g., specific density) were also used. The most reliable method to identify the chemical composition of microplastics is by infrared spectroscopy. Most studies reported that plastic fragments were polyethylene and polypropylene polymers. Units commonly used for abundance estimates are “items per m2” ...

/pdf/microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-a-review-of-the-fg3wzn5tjn.pdf

Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification

As the environment preservation gradually becomes a matter of major social concern and more strict legislation is being imposed on effluent discharge, more effective processes are required to deal with non-readily biodegradable and toxic pollutants. Synthetic organic dyes in industrial effluents cannot be destroyed in conventional wastewater treatment and consequently, an urgent challenge is the development of new environmentally benign technologies able to mineralize completely these non-biodegradable compounds. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the electrochemical methods used at lab and pilot plant scale to decontaminate synthetic and real effluents containing dyes, considering the period from 2009 to 2013, as an update of our previous review up to 2008. Fundamentals and main applications of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the other electrochemical approaches are described. Typical methods such as electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrochemical oxidation and indirect electro-oxidation with active chlorine species are discussed. Recent advances on electrocatalysis related to the nature of anode material to generate strong heterogeneous OH as mediated oxidant of dyes in electrochemical oxidation are extensively examined. The fast destruction of dyestuffs mediated with electrogenerated active chlorine is analyzed. Electro-Fenton and photo-assisted electrochemical methods like photoelectrocatalysis and photoelectro-Fenton, which destroy dyes by heterogeneous OH and/or homogeneous OH produced in the solution bulk, are described. Current advantages of the exposition of effluents to sunlight in the emerging photo-assisted procedures of solar photoelectrocatalysis and solar photoelectro-Fenton are detailed. The characteristics of novel combined methods involving photocatalysis, adsorption, nanofiltration, microwaves and ultrasounds among others and the use of microbial fuel cells are finally discussed.

Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review

Iodine catalyzed C (sp3)–H functionalization of tosylhydrazones with β-enamino esters under visible light irradiation for the synthesis of trisubstituted pyrroles has been described. The present method is also applicable to α- substituted tosylhydrazones to yield the tetra-substituted pyrroles.

Visible-Light-Induced C (sp3)-H Functionalization of Tosylhydrazones: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles under Metal-Free Conditions.

New Method for the Synthesis of Benzyl Alkyl Ethers Mediated by FeSO4

Pd‐Catalyzed ortho Selective C–H Acyloxylation and Hydroxylation of Pyridotriazoles

Synthesis of (hetero)aryl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines through [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-aminopyridine with β-nitrostyrenes followed by in situ denitration and oxidation under metal-free, mild conditions are described.

Substrate selective synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines through [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-aminopyridines and β-nitro styrenes

A facile and efficient route for the synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted imidazoles from benzimidamides and vinyl azides through [3 + 2] cyclization under catalyst-free conditions has been described. The method is compatible for a broad range of functional groups with good to excellent yields.

Subbarayappa Adimurthy

Papers

Visible-Light-Induced C (sp3)-H Functionalization of Tosylhydrazones: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles under Metal-Free Conditions.

New Method for the Synthesis of Benzyl Alkyl Ethers Mediated by FeSO4

Pd‐Catalyzed ortho Selective C–H Acyloxylation and Hydroxylation of Pyridotriazoles

Substrate selective synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines through [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-aminopyridines and β-nitro styrenes

Catalyst-Free Synthesis of 2,4-Disubstituted-1H-imidazoles through [3 + 2] Cyclization of Vinyl Azides with Amidines.