Land use/land cover change (LULC) is a major threat to natural protected areas worldwide. This paper explores the relationships between four estimated LULC parameters for 17 Mexican biosphere reserves (BRs) for 1993–2002 on a GIS platform, and ten socioeconomic factors obtained from census data. These relationships were tested through linear correlations and multivariate analysis. BRs showed lower human demographic pressure, but higher population dispersion, social marginality, percentage of rain-fed agriculture area, and dependence upon agriculture and cattle compared to nationwide values. BRs also varied in their indigenous population, and showed cattle overpopulation, and low immigration and road density. Socioeconomic factors explained 87% of LULC variation. High population and road density, cattle overpopulation and low percentage indigenous population were related to percentage of transformed area (2002). Conversely, small population and road density, large proportion of indigenous population and high dependency on agriculture and cattle, were related to the rate of change in transformed area (1993–2002). High human population growth and urban concentration occurred when BRs suffered higher LULC than their corresponding ecoregions. Including socioeconomic conditions prevailing in BRs and their influence on LULC in reserve management and rural development planning will improve strategies for the confluence of conservation and development goals.

Socioeconomic context of land use and land cover change in Mexican biosphere reserves

Some plant‐derived bioactive compounds produced by fungal endophytes have been proven to have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In this study, endophytic fungi were isolated from 20 orchid samples collected in northern Thailand from 12 genera of orchids. In total, 97 isolates were isolated from the leaves (44.3%), stems (40.2%) and flowers (15.5%) of the orchid samples. The antifungal activity was investigated of the endophytic isolates against the plant pathogenic fungi. The results showed that 13 endophytic isolates provided antifungal activities against Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Curvularia sp. The endophyte CK F05‐5, which was isolated from the flower part of Dendrobium lindleyi, was chosen for further testing because it the highest level of antifungal activity against Fusarium sp. The isolate CK F05‐5 was identified as Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of its ITS sequences of 5.8 s rRNA, and phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of coumarins. The ethyl acetate extract of CK F05‐5 was examined for its total phenolic content and antioxidant activity using Folin–Ciocalteu's reagent and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, respectively. The phenolic content was 160.51 mg of GAE/g of extract, and the free radical scavenging activity was 89.61 µg/ml at the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). The antimutagenic potential of the ethyl acetate extract of CK F05‐5 against Trp‐P‐1 mutagenic substances was determined using the Ames test which revealed that the extract of CK F05‐5 at 10 mg/plate had the highest antimutagenic activity against Trp‐P‐1 (51.2%) and 39.6% for strains TA98 and TA100, respectively. The active compounds present in the acetate extract of CK F05‐5 were examined using GC‐MS analysis, which displayed the presence of gibepyrone A, pyrrolo [1, 2‐a] pyrazine‐1, 4‐dione, hexahydro‐3‐(2‐methylpropyl) and indoleacetic acid as major components. Based on the results, this endophytic fungus contains various bioactive components that have various biological activities. This useful information could help in producing potentially valuable and novel pharmaceutical products.

The chemical composition, antifungal, antioxidant and antimutagenicity properties of bioactive compounds from fungal endophytes associated with Thai orchids

Species of Colletotrichum are commonly found in many plant hosts as pathogens, endophytes and occasionally saprobes. Twenty-two Colletotrichum strains were isolated from three Dendrobium species - D.cariniferum, D.catenatum and D.harveyanum, as well as three unidentified species. The taxa were identified using morphological characterisation and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, GAPDH, ACT and s-tubulin sequence data. This is the first time to identify endophytic fungi from Dendrobium orchids using the above method. The known species, Colletotrichumboninense, C.camelliae-japonicae, C.fructicola, C.jiangxiense and C.orchidophilum were identified as fungal endophytes of Dendrobium spp., along with the new species, C.cariniferi, C.chiangraiense, C.doitungense, C.parallelophorum and C.watphraense, which are introduced in this paper. One strain is recorded as an unidentified species. Corn meal agar is recommended as a good sporulation medium for Colletotrichum species. This is the first report of fungal endophytes associated with Dendrobiumcariniferum and D.harveyanum. Colletotrichumcamelliae-japonicae, C.jiangxiense, and C.orchidophilum are new host records for Thailand.

Endophytic Colletotrichum species from Dendrobium spp. in China and Northern Thailand

Orchids, one of the most beautiful and diverse plant species in the nature, are a bit of a mystery for their seeds lack endosperm and they must depend on endophytes for germination, growth and adaptation. Naturalists and even the general public are drawn to orchids for their ornamental, medicinal and food value. In their keenness to harvest them, collectors have rendered many orchid species threatened or even endangered. Recent research into orchids, which are mycohetetrophic plants, has focused on isolation and identification of the mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal endophytes that directly or indirectly contribute to the growth and development of orchids as well as the production of valuable secondary metabolites. This article considers both the role such endophytes play and explains how such symbiotic partner scan be used in the plant tissue culture technique to help conserve and even commercialize various species of orchid.

An Overview on Orchid Endophytes

Distilling agro-extractivism: Agave and tequila production in Mexico

Mangunwardoyo W, Suciatmih, Gandjar I. 2012. Frequency of endophytic fungi isolated from Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. (Pigeon orchid) and antimicrobial activity. Biodiversitas 13: 34-39. Endophytic microorganisms were found in orchid such as Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. (pigeon orchid), an orchid that sometimes used in traditional medicine. The fungi were isolated from roots, bulbouses, stems, and leaves of D. crumenatum collected from Tanah Baru Housing area, Botanical Garden Bogor, and Herbarium Bogoriense, respectively. Twelve species were identified from 60 samples obtained. Guignardia endophyllicola Okane, Nakagiri, and Ito (anamorph:Phyllosticta capitalensis P. Herm.) were the dominant endophytic mould. Screening of the anti-microorganism activity of the samples revealed that Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. inhibited Candida albicans ATCC 2091 and Candida tropicalis LIPIMC 203. All specimens did not inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25022, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25023.

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Frequency of endophytic fungi isolated from Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. (Pigeon orchid) and antimicrobial activity

A study was conducted in Bukit Bangkirai forest, East Kalimantan, to understand the impact of forest fire on the existence of soil fungi. Three permanent plots were used for the research, i.e. undamaged plot (K), lightly damaged plot (LD), and heavily damaged plot (HD). Each plot was 1 ha and divided into 100 sub-plots (10 m x 10 m). For observation of soil fungi, in the center of the five randomly selected sub-plots from each plot was made a sampling plot (2 m x 2 m). After removing the organic matter surface (O layer), soil sample was collected from top layer (A) and second layer (B) in each of the five sampling plots. Soil fungi were isolated using dilution plate method and they were incubated at room temperature (27-28 C). This process was replicated two times for each soil sample. The result indicated that forest fire decreased the diversity and population of soil fungi. The highest soil fungi population was found in the undamaged (K) plot at the top layer (A) (389.0 colonies/mg dry soil), while the lowest population was in the lightly damaged plot (LD) at the second layer (B) (12.3 colonies/mg dry soil). Gongronella butleri was dominant species in the area of the tropical rain forest which was fired in Bukit Bangkirai, East Kalimantan. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta

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Soil Fungi in an Over-burned Tropical Rain Forest in Bukit Bangkirai, East Kalimantan

Natural dyes are an important alternative to potentially harmful synthetic dyes. This research was conducted using three kinds of Aspergillus dyes and six kinds of Penicillium dyes. In this study, Aspergillus and Penicillium were grown in mineral salts glucose medium. Premordanting technique was followed using different mordants, namely alum, CaCO 3 , CuSO 4 5H 2 O, FeSO 4 7H 2 O, K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and MnSO 4 H 2 O on cotton cloth. The colour of filtrate and range of colours developed on dyed materials were measured by RHS colour chart. The results indicated that the colour of dyed cloth was influenced by the addition of mordants, andÂ  different shades were obtained from the same dye filtrate using different mordants. FeSO 4 7H 2 O was found as the most influential mordant. The present study shows a new source of fungal dyes, which can be used as an alternative for dyeing cloth.

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Effect of Different Mordants on Cotton Cloth Dyed with Aspergillus and Penicillium Dyes

Suciatmih. 2015. Diversity of endophytic fungi in mangrove plants on Sampiran Beach and Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1 (1): 44-50. Endophytic fungi have been found in nearly all plant families, represented by many species in different climate regions in the world. The research objective was to isolate and identify endophytic fungi which colonize in mangrove plants growing on Sampiran Beach and Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi. Isolation of endophytic fungi was done by direct planting; and the isolates were identified based on morphological characters. The results indicated that 69 isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots, leaves, and twigs of mangrove plants. Of the 69 isolates, 19 isolates (28%) were identified to species level, 21 isolates (30%) to the genus and 29 isolates (42%) were unidentified as no spores were not observed, impeding the microscopic identification. The endophytic fungi isolated belong to group Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Guignardia, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, Talaromyces and Trichoderma. It could be concluded that mangrove plants growing on Sampiran Beach and Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi were colonized by endophytic fungi. Furthermore, this study also isolated Talaromyces leycettanus from the mangrove plants. This finding might be new information regarding endophytic fungi colonizing in mangrove plants.

Diversitas jamur endofit pada tumbuhan mangrove di Pantai Sampiran dan Pulau Bunaken, Sulawesi Utara

This study aimed to examine the dyes production of mixed Aspergillus and Paecilomyces on different culture conditions and evaluate the combination between culture and dyeing conditions on cloth color by the fungal dyes. The different media consist of mineral salt glucose (MSG) medium and mineral salt sucrose (MSS) medium were evaluated. Additionally, different culture conditions such as C and N sources, incubation temperature, and pH of the media were evaluated together with variation of dyeing conditions including pH and mordants. The result showed that different culture conditions on media and the combination of those with dyeing conditions produce distinction colors on the fabric. The variation of dyed colors on the fabric was related to the dyes concentration produced by combination treatment of culture condition and dyeing pH. However, the effect was not observed on the combination between culture condition and mordants. Combination of culture and dyeing conditions on cloth color dyed with mixed fungi dyes generated various cloth colors, adding a color variation on textile dyeing.

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Suciatmih Suciatmih

Papers

Frequency of endophytic fungi isolated from Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. (Pigeon orchid) and antimicrobial activity

Soil Fungi in an Over-burned Tropical Rain Forest in Bukit Bangkirai, East Kalimantan

Effect of Different Mordants on Cotton Cloth Dyed with Aspergillus and Penicillium Dyes

Diversitas jamur endofit pada tumbuhan mangrove di Pantai Sampiran dan Pulau Bunaken, Sulawesi Utara

Combination of culture and dyeing conditions on cloth color dyed with mixed fungi dyes