Oxidative stress-dependent inflammatory diseases represent a major concern for the population's health worldwide. Biocompatible nanomaterials with enzymatic properties could play a crucial role in the treatment of such pathologies. In this respect, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are promising candidates, showing remarkable catalytic activity, able to reduce the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and impair the downstream pathways leading to inflammation. This review reports a critical overview of the growing evidence revealing the anti-inflammatory ability of PtNPs and their potential applications in nanomedicine. It provides a detailed description of the wide variety of synthetic methods recently developed, with particular attention to the aspects influencing biocompatibility. Special attention has been paid to the studies describing the toxicological profile of PtNPs with an attempt to draw critical conclusions. The emerging picture suggests that the material per se is not causing cytotoxicity, while other physicochemical features related to the synthesis and surface functionalization may play a crucial role in determining the observed impairment of cellular functions. The enzymatic activity of PtNPs is also summarized, analyzing their action against ROS produced by pathological conditions within the cells. In particular, we extensively discuss the potential of these properties in nanomedicine to down-regulate inflammatory pathways or to be employed as diagnostic tools with colorimetric readout. A brief overview of other biomedical applications of nanoplatinum is also presented.

Platinum nanoparticles in nanobiomedicine

A perspective on biogenic synthesis of platinum nanoparticles and their biomedical applications

Abstract Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have attracted interest in catalysis and biomedical applications due to their unique structural, optical, and catalytic properties. However, the conventional synthesis of Pt NPs using the chemical and physical methods is constrained by the use of harmful and costly chemicals, intricate preparation requirement, and high energy utilization. Hence, this review emphasizes on the green synthesis of Pt NPs using plant extracts as an alternative approach due to its simplicity, convenience, inexpensiveness, easy scalability, low energy requirement, environmental friendliness, and minimum usage of hazardous materials and maximized efficiency of the synthesis process. The underlying complex processes that cover the green synthesis (biosynthesis) of Pt NPs were reviewed. This review affirms the effects of different critical parameters (pH, reaction temperature, reaction time, and biomass dosage) on the size and shape of the synthesized Pt NPs. For instance, the average particle size of Pt NPs was reported to decrease with increasing pH, reaction temperature, and concentration of plant extract.

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Green synthesis: Proposed mechanism and factors influencing the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) showed great potential in biomedical applications because of their unique physicochemical properties. Various conventional physical and chemical methods have been used for the synthesis of Pd NPs. However, these methods include the use of hazardous reagents and reaction conditions, which may be toxic to health and to the environment. Thus, eco-friendly, rapid, and economic approaches for the synthesis of Pd NPs have been developed. Bacteria, fungi, yeast, seaweeds, plants, and plant extracts were used to prepare Pd NPs. This review highlights the most recent studies for the biosynthesis of Pd NPs, factors controlling their synthesis, and their potential biomedical applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/17/3661/pdf

Palladium Nanoparticles Fabricated by Green Chemistry: Promising Chemotherapeutic, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents.

Petroleum, coal, and natural gas reservoir were depleting continuously due to an increase in industrialization, which enforced study to identify alternative sources. The next option is the renewable resources which are most important for energy purpose coupled with environmental problem reduction. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have become a promising approach to generate cleaner and more sustainable electrical energy. The involvement of various disciplines had been contributing to enhancing the performance of the MFCs. This review covers the performance of MFC along with different wastewater as a substrate in terms of treatment efficiencies as well as for energy generation. Apart from this, effect of various parameters and use of different nanomaterials for performance of MFC were also studied. From the current study, it proves that the use of microbial fuel cell along with the use of nanomaterials could be the waste and energy-related problem-solving approach. MFC could be better in performances based on optimized process parameters for handling any wastewater from industrial process.

Advanced microbial fuel cell for waste water treatment-a review.

Since the last century, the search for clean and renewable energy is going on. This process will continue until there is a stable solution available as an alternative to fossil fuels. Several energy-producing products arise from photosynthetic-organisms like biofuel, bioelectricity, and there are various methods also available for the extraction of these products. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are energy transducers which convert organic matter directly into electricity, through the process of anaerobic respiration of microorganisms. Now a day’s researchers have taken as a challenge to use algae along with the bacterial communities to provide an organic carbon fuel source for the MFCs. This paper describes the potential application of algal biomass in the field of bioelectricity. Till now, many scientific experiments conducted all around the world to demonstrate how well efficient is this green photosynthetic organism capable of producing electricity along with its other applications like biofuel, demand in the food industry, and much more. The present manuscript aimed to provide an overview of the potential use of algae as a biocatalyst in MFCs. Further, this article also provides the current status of numerous countries which are excelled in the field of bioelectricity generation.

Photosynthetic microorganisms (Algae) mediated bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cell: Concise review

An Overview of Facile Green Biogenic Synthetic Routes and Applications of Platinum Nanoparticles

Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensor Applications

The marine ecosystem is a massive source and home for countless microorganisms, several aquatic animals, and even higher plants and animals for many decades. A mutualistic relationship exists between the marine aquatic species as well as the marine microbes, which are mutually benefitted against each other (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and even marine algae). During their life cycle, these organisms produce several enzymes, which are used in several of the industries for the well-being of humans and other living organisms. A number of enzymes currently available in the market are produced by these microbes in different pathways, possessing a special feature as well as characteristics required by several industries for preparation of materials. Variety of enzymes with special activities have been isolated from marine bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and other marine microorganisms by researchers in recent years, and some products already found industrial applications. In this chapter, we shall discuss various pathways/steps applied in the production of enzymes through a greener approach by using several nanotechnologies available in making the enzyme product more viable and even increase the shelf life of the product so that it can be used for a longer period of time, which include various properties of enzymes like thermotolerance, thermos-stability of an enzyme over an extensive temperature and pH range. Also, with existing bioreactors, these microbes can be cultivated and produce enzymes using greener synthesis. The bacterial marine enzymes are used in different industrial applications beneficial to humans as they can withstand harsh conditions. In this work, authors try to limit over application focus mainly on medicine and biotechnology, energy and biofuels, food, nutrition and agriculture, and others. With the sustenance of nanotechnology, increase the stability of enzymes by the application of existing greener approaches were discussed.

Sudhakar Reddy Pamanji

Papers

Photosynthetic microorganisms (Algae) mediated bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cell: Concise review

An Overview of Facile Green Biogenic Synthetic Routes and Applications of Platinum Nanoparticles

Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensor Applications

Greener synthesis of enzymes from marine microbes using nanomaterials

Challenges in the Assessment of Nanotoxicity, Recommendations, and Safe-by-Design Nanomedicines to Counter Toxicological Problems