Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic general medical complications have received the most attention, whereas only few studies address the potential direct effect on mental health of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotropic potential. Furthermore, the indirect effects of the pandemic on general mental health are of increasing concern, particularly since the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic (2002–2003) was associated with psychiatric complications.

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COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence.

OVERVIEW The GRA Marketing Internship Program is offered to students who are interested in gaining valuable work experience through efforts in marketing, membership, sales, and events. Interns work directly to assist the Director of Marketing and Communications on various tasks relating to upcoming GRA events. During this internship, students will work a minimum of 10 hours a week and a maximum of 20 hours a week. Students are encouraged to earn credit for their internship, however this is a paid internship. Students interested in obtaining credit for their internship must consult their academic advisor or the intern coordinator at their academic unit.

Role of WHO.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused enormous psychological impact worldwide. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the psychological and mental impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers, the general population, and patients with higher COVID-19 risk published between 1 Nov 2019 to 25 May 2020. We conducted literature research using Embase, PubMed, Google scholar and WHO COVID-19 databases. Among the initial search of 9207 studies, 62 studies with 162,639 participants from 17 countries were included in the review. The pooled prevalence of anxiety and depression was 33% (95% confidence interval: 28%-38%) and 28% (23%-32%), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was the highest among patients with pre-existing conditions and COVID-19 infection (56% [39%-73%] and 55% [48%-62%]), and it was similar between healthcare workers and the general public. Studies from China, Italy, Turkey, Spain and Iran reported higher-than-pooled prevalence among healthcare workers and the general public. Common risk factors included being women, being nurses, having lower socioeconomic status, having high risks of contracting COVID-19, and social isolation. Protective factors included having sufficient medical resources, up-to-date and accurate information, and taking precautionary measures. In conclusion, psychological interventions targeting high-risk populations with heavy psychological distress are in urgent need.

The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown has brought about a sense of fear and anxiety around the globe. This phenomenon has led to short term as well as long term psychosocial and mental health implications for children and adolescents. The quality and magnitude of impact on minors is determined by many vulnerability factors like developmental age, educational status, pre-existing mental health condition, being economically underprivileged or being quarantined due to infection or fear of infection. Aims This paper is aimed at narratively reviewing various articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and enforcement of nationwide or regional lockdowns to prevent further spread of infection. Methodology We conducted a review and collected articles and advisories on mental health aspects of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. We selected articles and thematically organized them. We put up their major findings under the thematic areas of impact on young children, school and college going students, children and adolescents with mental health challenges, economically underprivileged children, impact due to quarantine and separation from parents and the advisories of international organizations. We have also provided recommendations to the above. Conclusion There is a pressing need for planning longitudinal and developmental studies, and implementing evidence based elaborative plan of action to cater to the psycho social and mental health needs of the vulnerable children and adolescents during pandemic as well as post pandemic. There is a need to ameliorate children and adolescents’ access to mental health support services geared towards providing measures for developing healthy coping mechanisms during the current crisis. For this innovative child and adolescent mental health policies policies with direct and digital collaborative networks of psychiatrists, psychologists, paediatricians, and community volunteers are deemed necessary.

Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations.

Spermatophagia Associated with Dhat Syndrome in a Patient with Schizophrenia: A Case Report

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder of heterogeneous phenomenology and its onset follows a bimodal pattern. The onset of OCD can be very early or late. The clinical presentation, co-morbidities as well as treatment outcomes are affected by the age of onset of obsessive compulsive disorder. The most accepted explanatory model to explain OCD is bio-psycho-social model, which explains the interplay of biological, psychological as well as social factors in the causation of OCD. In this case report, a rare case of very early onset OCD in an adolescent boy with co-morbid agoraphobia where the onset of OCD was as early as infancy is being discussed.

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A rare case of very early onset obsessive compulsive disorder with co-morbid Agoraphobia

Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome is a progressive spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia associated with mental retardation, characterized by a triad of skeletal deformities (short trunk dwarfism, scoliosis, microcephaly, and limb deformities), facial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability. It an extremely rare condition. Till now, there was no evidence of association of Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Syndrome with mood disorder. This case report highlights the extremely rare association of Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome with bipolar affective disorder. The patient had responded well to the combination of mood stabilizer and antipsychotics (sodium valproate and risperidone). To the best of author's knowledge, this is the first case report depicting such association. Both Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome and bipolar affective disorder are associated with 18q chromosome. This background information raises the possibility of co-morbid association of two disorders rather than a chance association due to genetic linkage.

An extremely rare association of dyggve-melchior-clausen syndrome with mania: coincidence or comorbidity.

------------Abstract Objective: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a form of neuromodulation used to treat various neuropsychiatric disorders. The clinical utility of TMS in older adults with depression is less studied. This review was conducted to compile the study findings on the efficacy and adverse effects of TMS in later-life depression to elucidate gaps in the literature and formulate recommendations. Materials and methods: A search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus and Ovid databases with search terms based on the three domains of our research questions, namely „transcranial magnetic stimulation”, „depression”, and „later life”. All the articles published in English until June 2021 were incorporated and critically appraised after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A total of 643 articles were screened with title and abstract, and 41 were selected for full-text assessment. Finally, 26 articles were included after scrutiny and findings were tabulated. This consisted of 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), six open-label, one retrospective study, 4 case series and 7 case reports. Available findings in this area so far are mixed and inconc-lusive. Level I evidence for the use of TMS in later-life depression is lacking. Conclusion: Evidence regarding the efficacy of TMS in the treatment of depression in older adults lacks consistency in the outcomes, which warrants an urgent need for systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs on the use of TMS in later-life depression.

Sujita Kumar Kar

Papers

Spermatophagia Associated with Dhat Syndrome in a Patient with Schizophrenia: A Case Report

A rare case of very early onset obsessive compulsive disorder with co-morbid Agoraphobia

An extremely rare association of dyggve-melchior-clausen syndrome with mania: coincidence or comorbidity.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the treatment of late-life depression: A scoping review

Strategy to meet healthcare needs in India: Where should we focus?