Tropical forests are among the most diverse ecosystems in the world, completed by huge biodiversity. An expansion in natural resource extraction through open-pit mining activities leads to increasing land and tropical forest degradation. Proper science-based practices are needed as an effort to reclaim their function. This paper summarizes the existing practice of coal mining, covering the regulatory aspects and their reclamation obligations, the practices of coal mining from various sites with different land characteristics, and the reclamation efforts of the post-mining landscapes in Indonesia. The regulations issued accommodate the difference between mining land inside the forest area and outside the forest area, especially in the aspect of the permit authority and in evaluating the success rate of reclamation. In coal-mining practices, this paper describes starting from land clearing activities and followed by storing soil layers and overburden materials. In this step, proper handling of potentially acid-forming materials is crucial to prevent acid mine drainage. At the reclamation stage, this paper sequentially presents research results and the field applications in rearranging the overburden and soil materials, controlling acid mine drainage and erosion, and managing the drainage system, settling ponds, and pit lakes. Many efforts to reclaim post-coal-mining lands and their success rate have been reported and highlighted. Several success stories describe that post-coal-mining lands can be returned to forests that provide ecosystem services and goods. A set of science-based best management practices for post-coal-mine reforestation is needed to develop to promote the success of forest reclamation and restoration in post-coal-mining lands through the planting of high-value hardwood trees, increasing trees’ survival rates and growth, and accelerating the establishment of forest habitat through the application of proper tree planting technique. The monitoring and evaluation aspect is also crucial, as corrective action may be taken considering the different success rates for different site characteristics.

Managing and Reforesting Degraded Post-Mining Landscape in Indonesia: A Review

Sumardi, Basyuni M, Wati R. 2018. Antimicrobial activity of polyisoprenoids of sixteen mangrove species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1243-1248. Mangroves including those that are distributed in the coast of North Sumatra contain polyisoprenoid with varying levels of polyprenol and dolichol constituents. Differences in polyisoprenoid levels were closely related to the salinity of sea but the information about their biological activities is scarce. The present study aimed to describe the biological activities, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal effects of polyisoprenoid extracts from sixteen mangrove species of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Polyisoprenoids were isolated from mangrove leaves and tested for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Meanwhile, their antioxidant activity was represented by their capacity in scavenging DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical agents. The most predominant polyisoprenoids found in sixteen mangrove leaf extracts was dolichols (75%). Polyprenols-dominant species, Acacia auriculiformis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia pinnata, and Ricinus communis, and dolichols-dominant species, Avicennia lanata, Av. marina, Av. officinalis, Barringtonia asiatica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Calophyllum inophyllum, Nypa fruticans, and Pandanus odoratissimus, inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. However, the antioxidant activity of those sixteen mangrove species was of a weak category. Surprisingly, all other mangroves polyisoprenoid extracts did not inhibit C. albicans growth. This study suggested that polyisoprenoids in mangroves have potential antibacterial properties to be developed further.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Polyisoprenoids of Sixteen Mangrove Species from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Background: Secondary metabolites from the group of isoprenoid compounds are widely distributed in mangrove plants. Polyisoprenoids (dolichol and polyprenol) are known to have benefits as anticancer agents. The present study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic potential of polyisoprenoids in leaves from seventeen selected mangrove species against colon cancer (WiDr) cells. Methods: Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT assay in vitro using WiDr human colon cancer cells and 3T3 fibroblasts from Swiss albino mouse embryo tissue as controls. Mechanisms of action were approached by assessing apoptosis and the cell cycle using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with annexin V-FITC, as well as expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 by immunocytochemistry. Results: Polyisoprenoids from N. fruticans leaves demonstrated the highest anticancer activity, with an IC50 of 180.2 μg/mL, as compared to 397.7 μg/mL against 3T3 normal cells. Significant decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 was also noted, facilitating apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle in the G0-G1 phase in WiDr cells. The present study showed for the first time that polyisoprenoids from N. fruticans exhibit concrete anticancer activity in vitro, decreasing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Conclusions: Polyisoprenoids isolated from N. fruticans leaves may have promise as a source of anticancer agents.

http://journal.waocp.org/article_77405_9476ed6720f8a0a9f12ed3fcc8e9e1df.pdf

Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activity of Polyisoprenoids in Seventeen Mangroves Species Against WiDr Colon Cancer Cells

. Basyuni M, Wasilah M, Hasibuan PAZ, Sulistiyono N, Sumardi, Bimantara Y, Hayati R, Sagami H, Oku H. 2019. Salinity and subsequent freshwater influences on the growth, biomass, and polyisoprenoids distribution of Rhizophora apiculata seedlings. Biodiversitas 20: 388-395. This study described the growth, biomass, and polyisoprenoids (polyprenol and dolichol) distribution of Rhizophora apiculata seedlings under saline and subsequent fresh water treatment. Propagules of R. apiculata were collected from Pulau Sembilan, Langkat, North Sumatra and were grown in 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0% salt concentrations for three months. After three months planted in a glass house, R. apiculata seedlings were divided into two groups and grown for another three months. The first group was continuously grown under the saline condition and the second was moved to fresh water to recover from the saline condition. The leaves, stems, and roots of R. apiculata seedlings were harvested after six months of cultivation. Polyisoprenoids alcohol was isolated from the leaves and roots of R. apiculata seedlings and analyzed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Growth parameters measured were height and diameter of R. apiculata seedlings. The height of R. apiculata seedlings was significantly affected by salinity levels of 2.0%, 3.0% and 3.0% ? 0.0%. The arrow (?) denoted fresh water recovery treatment. The best height and diameter of R. apiculata seedlings were observed in 0.5% salt concentration. Salinity treatment and re-adaptation into freshwater significantly influenced the leaves area (2.0%, 3.0% and 3.0% ? 0.0%), fresh weight of stem (3.0% and 3% ? 0.0%) and stem dry weight (3% ? 0.0%). Distribution of polyprenols and dolichols in the leaves and roots of R. apiculata seedlings were categorized as type I, where dolichol was dominant over polyprenol. Under salinity and subsequent fresh water recovery treatments (0.0%, 1.5%, 1.5% ? 0.0%, 3.0%, and 3.0% ? 0.0%), the carbon chain length of dolichol in the leaves and in the roots was, respectively, C85-C100, C85-C100, C85-C105, C85-C100, C85-C95 and C85-C105, C85-C105, C85-C105, C85-C110, C85-C100. These data suggested the significant role of polyisoprenoids in mangrove plants to withstand salt stress and or water stress.

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Salinity and subsequent freshwater influences on the growth, biomass, and polyisoprenoids distribution of Rhizophora apiculata seedlings

Basyuni M, Wati R, Deni I, Tia AR, Slamet B, Siregar ES, Syahputra I. 2018. Cluster analysis of polyisoprenoid in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaves in different land-uses to find the possible cause of yield gap from planting materials. Biodiversitas 19: 1492-1501. The distribution and occurrence of polyprenols and dolichols in the leaves of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations in different land-uses in North Sumatra, Indonesia were analyzed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D-TLC). Eighty-one of oil palm leaves were sampled to represent twenty-seven sites of land-uses, namely paddy field (four locations), mangrove (three locations) in Lubuk Kertang, Langkat, North Sumatra. In addition, samples from four groups of smallholders in Stabat, Langkat, six sites in Bangun Bandar, Serdang Bedagai, and ten sites on the campus of Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), North Sumatra were collected. In the leaves, only one type (type II) with respect to the distribution of polyisoprenoids was detected: having the presence of both polyprenols and dolichols. Either type I, having predominance of dolichols over polyprenols or type III, displaying dominating polyprenols over dolichols were not observed. Results also showed that chain-length distribution of ficaprenols (C50-C60) without longer polyprenols (C85-C100) and dolichols of C85-C100 was detected in the paddy field, mangroves, and one site in USU campus. This polyisoprenoid profile was close to dura type of Elaeis guineensis. By contrast, the remaining land-uses had ficaprenols and longer polyprenols, and dolichols (C85-C100), which belong to tenera or pisifera type. To confirm this finding, a dendrogram was constructed. Cluster analysis demonstrated that twenty-seven sites of E. guineensis were grouped into appropriate types of dura, pifiera, and tenera accordingly, indicating that the existence of polyisoprenoids in E. guineensis was a chemotaxonomic marker. The finding of polyisoprenoid pattern of E. guineensis as dura type in mangrove and paddy field sites may reveal significant causes of yield gap in oil palm plantation from planting materials.

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Cluster analysis of polyisoprenoid in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaves in different land-uses to find the possible cause of yield gap from planting materials

Basyuni M, Wati R, Sagami H, Sumardi, Baba S, Oku H. 2018. Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1-11. The distribution and abundance of polyprenols (pol) and dolichols (dol) in the leaves and roots of fourteen coastal plants from North Sumatra, Indonesia were analysed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. In the leaves, with respect to the distribution of pol and dol were detected and categorized into three-types. In type-I, the predominance of dol over pol, was observed in Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pandanus odoratissimus, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. In type-II, the presence of both pol and dol, was observed in Casuarina equisetifolia, Melastoma candidum, Morinda citrifolia, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sesuvium portulacastrum and Terminalia catappa. In type-III, the predominance of pol over dol, was observed in Acacia auriculiformis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ricinus communis, and Pongamia pinnata. However, in the roots, a type-I distribution was observed in eleven species, while three species, A. auriculiformis, M. candidum, and M. citrifolia, corresponded to a type-II distribution instead of type-III. The diversity of polyisoprenoid composition in the leaves was noted, whereas 79% of root tissues indicated that dol occur more abundantly than pol. The range of the contents of polysioprenoid was 12-300 mg/g dw. The present study indicated that pol and dol could be useful in the classification of mangroves and other coastal forests and in phylogenetic studies. The diversity and presence of polyisoprenoids in coastal plants suggested that plant polyisoprenoids are chemotaxonomically important.

Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in coastal plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Penelitian mengenai perkembangan jamur mikoriza arbuskula pada timbunan bukan tanah atasan dilakukan di areal bekas tambang batubara PT. Bukit Asam, Sumatera Selatan, pada 0, 8, 9, 10 dan 19 tahun pasca penimbunan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis keberadaan jamur mikoriza arbuskula serta hubungannya dengan umur lahan pasca penimbunan. Spora jamur mikoriza arbuskula diperoleh menggunakan metode saring basah. Hubungan keberadaan jamur mikoriza arbuskula dengan umur lahan pasca penimbunan dievaluasi menggunakan hubungan fungsional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Acaulospora sp. dan Gigaspora sp. ditemukan pada semua lokasi sedangkan Glomus sp. dijumpai setelah delapan tahun penimbunan. Ketiga jamur mikoriza menunjukkan karakter yang khas dalam kolonisasi di timbunan bukan tanah atasan, walaupun pada umur timbunan yang berbeda-beda. Penimbunan tanpa menggunakan top soil menyebabkan perkembangan jamur mikoriza arbuskula tidak berjalan dengan konsisten. Oleh karena itu, tanah bukan top soil sebaiknya tidak digunakan untuk menimbun areal bekas tambang batubara.

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Populasi fungi mikoriza arbuskula (fma) lokal pada lahan pasca tambang batubara

Sandalwood population in Timor Island has been on a decrease at an alarming rate. The decrease reached 85% in 10 years, from 1987-1988 and 1997-1998. The present status of sandalwood on the Timor Island has been included as a vulnerable specie. Sandalwood cultivation and recovery efforts is systematic, this involves a planned process. To achieve any significant success, it must be supported by data and information about the location suitable for the growth of sandalwood. This study aims to provide data and information on the land suitability for sandalwood ( Santalum album Linn.) in Timor Island. The study was conducted by analysis of soil chemistry and physics and biophysical conditions overlay with FAO procedure (1976). The analysis showed an actual suitalbility area for development of sandalwood in each district are as follows: Belu of 125,216.69 ha (51.32%), Timor Tengah Utara of 163,554.16 ha (61.26%), Timor Tengah Selatan of 278,818.77 ha (70.64%), Kupang of 263,677.77 ha (44.73%), Kupang City of 8994.48 ha (49.89%) of the total land area of each district.

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Land suitability analysis for sandalwood plantation in timor island

Sumardi, Fiani A. 2015. Genetic diversity of sandalwood (Santalum album) and reintroduction to East Nusa Tenggara. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1: 409-412. Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is a plant that produces essential oils (santalol) with a distinctive odor that is loved by the people and an industrial raw material cosmetics and medicines. This species has been known as a commodity which has contributed greatly to the development of East Nusa Tenggara to contribute to regional revenue by 40 percent in the period 1989/1990-1999/2000. Sandalwood population has declined even according to the criteria and categories of version 3.1 in 2001 from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources included in the category of Critically Endanger (CR A1D). This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of sandalwood and the possibility to save sandalwood in East Nusa Tenggara. The study was conducted by direct observation in the field, interviews and literature studies on diversity and the presence of sandalwood. Genetic diversity in Gunungkidul sandalwood which was the result of exploration in 2002 and 2005, much higher than the genetic diversity in East Nusa Tenggara sandalwood which was the result of exploration in 2011 that nearly 0. The strategy and action reintroduction of sandalwood from outside East Nusa Tenggara should be done to increase and restore the genetic diversity of sandalwood in East Nusa Tenggara.

Keragaman genetik cendana (Santalum album) dan tindakan reintroduksi ke Nusa Tenggara Timur

The quality of sandalwood (Santalum album Linn) oil primarily depends on the compound of two major sesquiterpenes (α-santalol and β-santalol). The aim of this research was to identify variation of chemical compounds of sandalwood oil from various provenances. Fifty four samples from 8 provenances and one land race taken from 13th years old sandalwood planted at Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta Indonesia. Sandalwood powder were obtained by drilling tree at 10 cm above the ground horizontally. The samples were extracted with n-hexane solvent. Identification of chemical compounds of this essential oils were conducted by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis (GCMS). The GCMS investigation of sandalwood oils showed that variation compounds both among individual within provenance and between provenances were found in 11 individual from 6 provenances. Compounds such as sesquiterpene, monoterpenes, and others, were found in variying amount. The results showed that α-santalol (32.38-78.29%), β-santalol (5.45%-37.83%) were the major compounds with varying quantities of compounds range of epi-β-santalol (5.97-17.16%), P-Menth-2-En-9-OL-Trans (2.87%-8.53%), and α-sinensal (3.83-9.39%).

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Sumardi Sumardi

Papers

Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in coastal plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Populasi fungi mikoriza arbuskula (fma) lokal pada lahan pasca tambang batubara

Land suitability analysis for sandalwood plantation in timor island

Keragaman genetik cendana (Santalum album) dan tindakan reintroduksi ke Nusa Tenggara Timur

VARIASI KANDUNGAN KIMIA MINYAK CENDANA (Santalum album Linn) DARI BERBAGAI PROVENANS DI INDONESIA