In recent years, smart cities have emerged with energy conservation systems for managing energy in cities as well as buildings. Although many studies on energy conservation systems of smart homes have already been conducted, energy management at the city level is still a challenge due to the various building types and complex infrastructure. Therefore, this paper investigated the research themes on smart homes and cities through a quantitative review and identified barriers to the progression of smart homes to sustainable smart cities through a qualitative review. Based on the results of the holistic framework of each domain (smart home and city) and the techno-functional barriers, this study suggests that the following innovative solutions be suitably applied to advanced energy conservation systems in sustainable smart cities: (i) construction of infrastructure for advanced energy conservation systems, and (ii) adoption of a new strategy for energy trading in distributed energy systems. Especially, to reflect consumer behavior and energy in sustainable smart cities, the following responses to future research challenges according to the “bottom-up approach (smart home level to smart city level)” are proposed: (i) development of real-time energy monitoring, diagnostics and controlling technologies; (ii) application of intelligent energy management technologies; and (iii) implementation of integrated energy network technologies at the city level. This paper is expected to play a leading role as a knowledge-based systematic guide for future research on the implementation of energy conservation systems in sustainable smart cities.

A systematic review of the smart energy conservation system: From smart homes to sustainable smart cities

Owing to the increased worldwide awareness regarding pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, Battery-powered vehicles are bound to take over the conventional Internal Combustion Engine. Keeping the difficulties faced by the economy of the city and the populace of adapting to an entirely grid-run charging infrastructure in mind, a framework incorporating electric vehicles to everything (EV2X) communication and Charge Slot booking based on data got from a survey conducted has been developed in this literature. The conclusions drawn from the survey develop key insights into developing statisticorating the use of LTE to support the conventional OCPP and promote user controlal models that are further explored in this context. Algorithms and strategies to implement next-generation efficient EV2X communications have been implemented and developed for the city. Further, we have established a priority order for slot booking and incorp over charge-cycles. Introducing IPMUs using an LTE connection to act as a supplement to the conventional OCPP is explored in this context. Besides that, we have built the M/M/m queuing model of EVs in the charging station and its optimisation. We have done the exhaustive evaluation of the robustness of the proposed system in a fairly large-scale network in a discrete-time event simulator. The proposed system's results (simulation, analytical, and comparison) show the reduction of waiting time, good accuracy, and saving of charging time and costs. These performances measures improve shows the real-time applicability of the proposed system.

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Next-Generation Smart Electric Vehicles Cyber Physical System for Charging Slots Booking in Charging Stations

Analysis of microgrid integrated Photovoltaic (PV) Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) under different solar irradiation conditions in India: A way towards sustainable development and growth

Initiatives based on improving urban mobility havebeen traditionally a high priority. The introduction of the electric vehicle to solve the problems of congestion and pollution withincities has made it possible to solve some of these shortcomingsin combustion vehicles. Nevertheless, the needs of dynamic andcomplex environments that need decentralized solutions havedemanded strategies that can cope agilely and efficiently. Multi-agent systems allow overcoming these limitations connected tovehicles through their characteristics: autonomy, local vision anddecentralization. In this article, a systematic review (SR) of the existing literature on solutions that combine electric vehicles withthe advantages of multi-agent systems is performed. Researchesand publications covering a period between 2012 and today arepresented, where different approaches are collected to providesolutions to different problems such as routing, electric network, communication and electric charge. In addition, different mod-eling methodologies, algorithms or simulations implemented inreal environments are exposed, where the heterogeneity of thesolutions is associated with the nature of the problem.

Multi-agent systems in the field of urbane-mobility: A Systematic Review

Electric vehicles have the characteristics of mobile energy storage. Properly dispatching the charging and discharging of electric vehicles can regulate the peaks and valleys of power grid consumption. This can also increase the power grid’s ability to absorb wind and solar energy. This paper studies the distributed energy management strategy of microgrids with V2G. First, this paper uses the principle of electricity price induction to establish a multi-agent microgrid proﬁt model that includes electric vehicle aggregators. This study considers the optimization problem that the actual energy system can maximize the social beneﬁts under the constraints of power generation loss and power balance. Then the paper uses the information interaction between distributed energy sources in the microgrid to design an optimized solution algorithm based on the multi-agent consensus theory and further considers the scenario that there is a random communication delay in the system. The system has maximized social beneﬁts while maintaining the same system electricity price. This paper analyzes the convergence of the algorithm under the background of this research, and gives the convergence conditions and inﬂuencing factors. Finally, an 11-node microgrid is used to simulate and verify the system, and the results show that the proposed control strategy is eﬀective.

Consistency-based energy management strategy for microgrids with V2G

Abstract In this paper mathematical model for traffic pattern analysis, prediction and resource utilization of Electric Vehicles (EV) in aggregator regions/parking lot zones is proposed. The proposed and presented mathematical model for EV traffic pattern/resource utilization in smart city can be used to estimate the amount of power/voltage available/required by EVs in different aggregator regions. Development of multiagent communication (MAC) based framework for aggregator to EV communication is discussed. V2G aggregation in distribution network forms a Physical part and utility side with sensing/communication forms a Cyber part which combinedly constitutes a Cyber-Physical system. Simulations were carried out on IEEE 33/69 bus test systems using MATLAB and MOBILE C was used for MAC. The results obtained were promising in terms of improved voltage profile and reduced power losses.

Electric Vehicle Traffic Pattern Analysis and Prediction in Aggregation Regions/Parking Lot Zones to Support V2G Operation in Smart Grid: A Cyber-Physical System Entity

Swapna Mansani

Papers

Electric Vehicle Traffic Pattern Analysis and Prediction in Aggregation Regions/Parking Lot Zones to Support V2G Operation in Smart Grid: A Cyber-Physical System Entity