/pdf/pathology-and-genetics-of-tumours-of-the-digestive-system-3xy9cwrc3c.pdf

Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast represents a heterogeneous group of neoplastic lesions in the breast ducts. The goal for management of DCIS is to prevent the development of invasive breast cancer. This manuscript focuses on the NCCN Guidelines Panel recommendations for the workup, primary treatment, risk reduction strategies, and surveillance specific to DCIS.

https://www.unitypoint.org/desmoines/filesimages/Cancer%20Education/Oncology%20Nursing%20Conference/2015/2014%20NCCN%20Clin%20Pract%20Guidelines%20Male%20Sex%20Dysf.pdf

Clinical practice guidelines in oncology

As survival among children treated for cancer continues to improve, more attention is being focussed on the late effects of cancer treatment. In children treated for brain tumours, chronic neurocognitive effects are especially challenging. Deficits in cognitive development have been described most thoroughly among children treated for posterior-fossa tumours, specifically medulloblastomas and ependymomas, which account for about 30% of all newly diagnosed cases of brain tumours in children. Most children who have survived brain tumours have required surgical resection and focal or craniospinal radiotherapy (irradiation of the entire subarachnoid volume of the brain and spine), with or without systemic chemotherapy. Historically, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores have provided a benchmark against which to measure changes in cognitive development after treatment. Observed declines in IQ are most likely a result of failure to learn at a rate that is appropriate for the age of the child, rather than from a loss of previously acquired knowledge. The rate of IQ decline is associated with a several risk factors, including younger age at time of treatment, longer time since treatment, female sex, as well as clinical variables such as hydrocephalus, use of radiotherapy and radiotherapy dose, and the volume of the brain that received treatment. Loss of cerebral white matter and failure to develop white matter at a rate appropriate to the developmental stage of the child could partly account for changes in IQ score. Technical advances in radiotherapy hold promise for lowering the frequency of neurocognitive sequelae. Further efforts to limit neurocognitive sequelae have included design of clinical trials to test the effectiveness of cognitive, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions.

Late neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of brain tumours in childhood.

Treatment of Non-Metastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/ASCO/ASTRO/SUO Guideline.

Genome Sequencing of SHH Medulloblastoma Predicts Genotype-Related Response to Smoothened Inhibition

PURPOSE Surgery is the golden standard of treatment of endometrial carcinoma. The risk of central or vaginal recurrences justifies adjuvant treatment. METHODS Brachytherapy for endometrial adenocarcinoma is given commonly as pre- or post-operative treatment. In case of medical contra-indications for surgery brachytherapy can be applied as the only treatment. Experience of the anticancer center Alexis Vautrin in Nancy of the years 1975 to 1988 is evaluated. Iridium-192 low-dose-rate (LDR) wires were used. RESULTS Pre-operative brachytherapy was given with a vaginal mould applicator to 580 patients. The dose was 50 Gy at 0.5 cm below the surface of the vagina. The locoregional control rate was 93% after 5 years and the 5-year survival 82%. 139 patients received radiotherapy alone and no surgery. LDR-brachytherapy was given the upper third of the vagina and endometrium with an "umbrella" applicator. The locoregional control rate was 83% after 5 years and the survival rate 55%. 117 patients received a post-operative brachytherapy of the vagina. The locoregional control rate was 93% after 10 years and the survival rate 65%. CONCLUSION A pre- and post-operative radiotherapy results in a reduction of the vaginal relapse rate. The LDR afterloading technique with primary radiotherapy of endometrial adenocarcinoma leads to a locoregional control slightly interior. The treatment results compare favourably with the best of the literature.

Pre-operative, post-operative and exclusive irradiation of endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Influence of dose point and inverse optimization on interstitial cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma brachytherapy

IR 192 brachytherapy in the management of 147 T2NO oral tongue carcinoma treated with irradiation alone

Évaluation de l'importance d'un curage ganglionnaire systématique dans les carcinomes de la cavité buccale traités par curiethérapie seule pour la lésion primaire (À propos d'une série de 346 patients)

Late effects by high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy have been believed severer than low-dose-rate (LDR) provided tumor control was constant. Local control of oropharyngeal carcinoma with HDR at Osaka Medical Center was comparable to LDR series from Centre Alexis Vautrin (82%, 79.5%, respectively). To assess the feasibility of HDR brachytherapy, the late effects were compared. The data of 29 HDR and 24 LDR patients (median follow-up of 27 and 29.5 months, respectively; p = 0.89) were collected. The HDR schedule was 21 Gy/3.5 fractions/2 days following 46 Gy/23 fractions external beam, while 25 Gy/3 days following 50 Gy/25 fractions external beam was for LDR. Late changes were evaluated using RTOG/EORTC late morbidity scoring scheme. For subclinical late changes, mucosa chapter of Dische score was modified for brachytherapy. Scores were discussed through photos and were agreed on by authors. Late sequelae were estimated, by reviewing charts, concerning frequency, severity, and duration of mucosal damages (erosion and ulcer). Late changes were of no difference (p = 0.12 for EORTC/RTOG, and p = 0.45, 0.47, 1.00, 0.12, 0.16, 0.95, 0.27, 0.21 for erythema, ulceration, edema, thinning, pallor, telangiectasia, mobility impairment of tongue/faucial pillars, respectively, of the modified Dische score). Late sequelae showed no differences (p = 0.90, 0.12, 0.40 for frequency, severity, duration, respectively, of mucosal damages). The late effects by HDR were not severer than by LDR. HDR oropharyngeal brachytherapy is as safe as LDR.

Sylvette Hoffstetter

Papers

Pre-operative, post-operative and exclusive irradiation of endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Influence of dose point and inverse optimization on interstitial cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma brachytherapy

IR 192 brachytherapy in the management of 147 T2NO oral tongue carcinoma treated with irradiation alone

Évaluation de l'importance d'un curage ganglionnaire systématique dans les carcinomes de la cavité buccale traités par curiethérapie seule pour la lésion primaire (À propos d'une série de 346 patients)

Late effects of post-high-dose-rate brachytherapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma: are they severer than post-low-dose-rate?