ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition

experiments contribute more than tenfold more data regarding both the zinc and iron content of the edible portions of crops grown under FACE conditions than is currently available in the literature. Consistent with earlier meta-analyses of other aspects of plant function under FACE conditions 14,15 , we considered the response comparisons observed from different species, cultivars and stress treatments and from different years to be independent. The natural logarithm of the mean response ratio (r5 response in elevated [CO2]/response in ambient [CO2]) was used as the metric for all analyses. Meta-analysis was used to estimate the overall effect of elevated [CO2] on the concentration of each nutrient in a particular crop and to determine the significance of this effect (see Methods). We found that elevated [CO2] was associated with significant decreases in the concentrations of zinc and iron in all C3 grasses and legumes (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 1). For example, wheat grains grown at elevated [CO2] had 9.3% lower zinc (95% confidence interval (CI)212.7% to25.9%) and 5.1% lower iron (95% CI26.5% to23.7%) than those grown at ambient [CO2]. We also found that elevated [CO2] was associated with lower protein content in C3 grasses, with a 6.3% decrease (95% CI27.5% to25.2%) in wheat grains and a 7.8% decrease (95% CI 28.9% to26.8%) in rice grains. Elevated [CO2] was associated with a small decrease in protein in field peas, and there was no significant

/pdf/increasing-co2-threatens-human-nutrition-37586vvkal.pdf

Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition.

The eighteenth-century Malthusian prediction of population growth outstripping food production has not yet come to bear. Unprecedented agricultural land expansions since 1700, and technological innovations that began in the 1930s, have enabled more calorie production per capita than was ever available before in history. This remarkable success, however, has come at a great cost. Agriculture is a major cause of global environmental degradation. Malnutrition persists among large sections of the population, and a new epidemic of obesity is on the rise. We review both the successes and failures of the global food system, addressing ongoing debates on pathways to environmental health and food security. To deal with these challenges, a new coordinated research program blending modern breeding with agro-ecological methods is needed. We call on plant biologists to lead this effort and help steer humanity toward a safe operating space for agriculture.

/pdf/trends-in-global-agricultural-land-use-implications-for-13zhmukuag.pdf

Trends in Global Agricultural Land Use: Implications for Environmental Health and Food Security

pReVIously ClAssIfIed by IARC As “CARCInogenIC to humAns (gRoup 1)” And wAs deVeloped by sIx sepARAte woRkIng gRoups: phARmACeutICAls; bIologICAl Agents; ARsenIC, metAls, fIbRes, And dusts; RAdIAtIon; peRsonAl hAbIts And IndooR CombustIons; ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons. thIs Volume 100f CoVeRs ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons, speCIfICAlly 4-AmInobIphenyl, benzIdIne, dyes metAbolIzed to benzIdIne, 4,4’-methylenebIs(2-ChloRoAnIlIne), 2-nAphthylAmIne, oRtho-toluIdIne, AuRAmIne And AuRAmIne pRoduCtIon, mAgentA And mAgentA pRoduCtIon, benzo[A]pyRene, CoAl gAsIfICAtIon, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng CoAl-tAR dIstIllAtIon, CoAl-tAR pItCh, Coke pRoduCtIon, untReAted oR mIldly tReAted mIneRAl oIls, shAle oIls, soot, As found In oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe of ChImney-sweeps, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng AlumInIum pRoduCtIon, AflAtoxIns, benzene, bIs(ChloRomethyl)etheR And ChloRomethyl methyl etheR, 1,3-butAdIene, 2,3,7,8-tetRAChloRodIbenzo-pARA-dIoxIn, 2,3,4,7,8-pentAChloRodIbenzofuRAn, And 3,3’,4,4’,5-pentAChloRobIphenyl, ethylene oxIde, foRmAldehyde, sulfuR mustARd, VInyl ChloRIde, IsopRopyl AlCohol mAnufACtuRe by the stRong-ACId pRoCess, mIsts fRom stRong InoRgAnIC ACIds, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng IRon And steel foundIng, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe As A pAInteR, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes In the RubbeR mAnufACtuRIng IndustRy. beCAuse the sCope of Volume 100 Is so bRoAd, Its monogRAphs ARe foCused on key InfoRmAtIon. eACh monogRAph pResents A desCRIptIon of A CARCInogenIC Agent And how people ARe exposed, CRItICAl oVeRVIews of the epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys, And A ConCIse ReVIew of the Agent’s toxICokInetICs, plAusIble meChAnIsms of CARCInogenesIs, And potentIAlly susCeptIble populAtIons, And lIfe-stAges. detAIls of the desIgn And Results of IndIVIduAl epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys ARe summARIzed In tAbles. shoRt tAbles thAt hIghlIght key Results ARe pRInted In Volume 100, And moRe extensIVe tAbles thAt InClude All studIes AppeAR on the monogRAphs pRogRAmme websIte (http://monogRAphs.IARC.fR). It Is hoped thAt thIs Volume, by CompIlIng the knowledge ACCumulAted thRough seVeRAl deCAdes of CAnCeR ReseARCh, wIll stImulAte CAnCeR pReVentIon ACtIVItIes woRldwIde, And wIll be A VAlued ResouRCe foR futuRe ReseARCh to IdentIfy otheR Agents suspeCted of CAusIng CAnCeR In humAns. D es ig n by A ude la d es m ot s

iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns

Political violence, ethnic conflict, and contemporary wars: broad implications for health and social well-being.

Micronutrient deficiency conditions are widespread among 2 billion people in developing and in developed countries. These are silent epidemics of vitamin and mineral deficiencies affecting people of all genders and ages, as well as certain risk groups. They not only cause specific diseases, but they act as exacerbating factors in infectious and chronic diseases, greatly impacting morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. Deficiencies in some groups of people at special risk require supplementation, but the most effective way to meet community health needs safely is by population based approaches involving food fortification. These complementary methods, along with food security, education, and monitoring, are challenges for public health and for clinical medicine. Micronutrient deficiency conditions relate to many chronic diseases, such as osteoporosis osteomalacia, thyroid deficiency colorectal cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Fortification has a nearly century long record of success and safety, proven effective for prevention of specific diseases, including birth defects. They increase the severity of infectious diseases, such as measles, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Understanding the pathophysiology and epidemiology of micronutrient deficiencies, and implementing successful methods of prevention, both play a key part in the New Public Health as discussed in this section, citing the examples of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin D.

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Micronutrient deficiency conditions: global health issues.

The New Public Health is a contemporary application of a broad range of evidencebased scientific, technological, and management systems implementing measures to improve the health of individuals and populations Its main objectives are the political and practical application of lessons learned from past successes and failures in disease control and the promotion of preventive measures to combat existing, evolving and re-emerging health threats and risks We address present and anticipated health problems in a complex world with great inequalities with specific targets which would help to achieve higher standards of health and a more just and socially responsible distribution of resources We present some examples of achievements in public health and clinical medicine, particularly from the past half century, that have resulted in improved disease control and increased health and longevity for populations Many remaining challenges must be overcome in order to reduce the toll of avoidable morbidity and mortality and to achieve improved and equitable health nationally and internationally The tools at our disposal today are much more effective than they were even just ten years ago Promoting wider application of these tools and greater awareness of achievements and failures in public health will improve our capacity to affect greater change in population health in the future The New Public Health is a moving target, as the science and practice of public health grow in strength It is relevant to all countries, developing, transitional, or industrialized, all facing different combinations of epidemiologic, demographic, economic and health systems challenges A greater understanding of these issues is vital to both a European and a wider audience of policy makers, educators, students, health systems managers, and practitioners of public health to address these challenges

/pdf/what-is-the-new-public-health-11p5sb8z9b.pdf

What is the "New Public Health"?

A cohort of 3,057 male workers employed in an asbestos-cement plant using 90% chrysotile-10% crocidolite, located in Northern Israel, was followed from 1953–1992 for incidence and mortality from cancer. In the years 1978–1992, the cohort had an elevated risk for all malignant neoplasms combined (n > 153, SIR > 117, ns), lung cancer (n > 28, SIR > 135, ns), mesothelioma (n > 21; SIR >5000, p > .0001), unspecified pleural cancer (n > 5; SIR > 278, P > .0001), and liver cancer (n > 7, SIR 290, ns). Risks for colo-rectal (n > 19; SIR > 79, ns), bladder (n = 12, SIR 69) and renal cancers (n > 5, SIR 104) were less than expected. Risk for mesothelioma showed a sharp risk gradient with duration of exposure, increasing from 1 per 625 for those employed less than 2 years to 1 per 4.5 workers employed over 30 years. The ratio of mesothelioma to excess lung cancer cases was 2.9 to 1, or 3.6 to 1, if pleural cases of unspecified origin were included; the pleura to peritoneum ratio of verified mesothelioma cases was 20 to 1. This atypically high ratio of mesothelioma to excess lung cancer cases is suggested to be the combined result of high past asbestos exposures in the workers and their low prior risk for lung cancer, and possibly, relatively early smoking cessation in relation to asbestos exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:1–8, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0274%28199901%2935%3A1%3C1%3A%3AAID-AJIM1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5

Cancer in ex-asbestos cement workers in Israel, 1953–1992

Polio lessons 2013: Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza.

"There is no health without mental health"INTRODUCTIONThe brain-mind-body-society connections in preventing avoidable disease and delaying death are fundamental in public health. They are interconnected: adverse environmental conditions reflected in deprivation and trauma leave their marks on physical and mental health. Poor mental health and physical illness are interactive, and this needs to be clearly addressed in the education of the public, providers and policy makers in the health and related sectors. In this issue of Public Health Reviews, we address some of the subjects in this complex mesh of relationships ranging from the gene structure to the rights of persons with disabilities.Mental health, defined by the World Health Organization as "a state of well-being in which the individual copes with the usual stresses of family and community living" or as "fulfillment of each person's potential"1 is at the heart of public health. In practice, this means that health promotion and all other levels of prevention, research, professional education and policies should transcend the outdated separation of mental health as a closed and isolated domain. Public mental health as a component of public health, is a continuous developing field, yet there is still an absence of a range of well coordinated preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitation services. This situation is current in many high-income countries and even more so in developing countries.The societal component of poverty and its associated deprivations, such as poor nutrition are key in community mental health, for example, to prevent damaging conditions that can occur in early life and lead to long-term consequences. Health promoters, policy makers and providers need to understand these interactions. It is not a mere doctor-patient issue, but a total of social and political issues, as has been argued by pioneers such as Rudolph Virchow over a century and a half ago, and indeed many before and following him. All of them have linked the cellular biomedical model with social medicine.2To repeat ourselves, mental health-still a neglected field in many countries of the world-is as fundamental to public health as is physical health. There are many reasons for the link: mental disorders are frequent, often cited as affecting one in four persons so that no society is immune to them; they are costly for individuals and society; and the comorbidity of physical and mental disorders affects the individual, the family, the health system and society. Health promotion in these interactive domains overlaps, and the benefits of primary prevention action are common to all. This interconnectedness is the reason that this issue of PHR is fully devoted to mental health, and attempts to deal with key aspects that constitute a small sample of a large universe of themes.SCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTHAs PHR tradition dictates, the current issue opens with a commentary based on an interview with renowned scientist, Professor Ada Yonath, 2009, Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry. Her career in basic sciences is highlighted by the influence of her personal life story. Her work on the development of cellular internal structure is vital to biological aspects of physical illness, such as the interaction of antibiotics with bacterial ribosomes.3 Other work by Eric Kandel (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 2000)4 and many others more recently have demonstrated the interaction of genetic and the biology of cellular structure and function, which are increasingly identified with mental dysfunction. This provides an important realm of science in the search for more effective means of approaching mental disorders.Two guest editorials are reprinted with kind permission from the American Journal of Public Health: Perry and colleagues address the centrality of mental health in a public health agenda,5 and Power presents a public health approach to mental health promotion and mental illness prevention, and a strategy to promote individual, family, and community resilience. …

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T.H. Tulchinsky

Papers

Micronutrient deficiency conditions: global health issues.

What is the "New Public Health"?

Cancer in ex-asbestos cement workers in Israel, 1953–1992

Polio lessons 2013: Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza.

Editorial: Mental Health as a Public Health Issue