Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Biogeochemistry of the Human Environment.- The Biosphere.- Soils.- Waters.- Air.- Plants.- Humans.- Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements.- Trace Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia).- Trace Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa).- Trace Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb).- Trace Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb).- Trace Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb).- Trace Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb).- Trace Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb).- Trace Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII).- Trace Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII).- Trace Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII).- Trace Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib).- Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously Group IIb).- Trace Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa).- Trace Elements of Group 14 (Previously Group IVa).- Trace Elements of Group 15 (Previously Group Va).- Trace Elements of Group 16 (Previously Group VIa).- Trace Elements of Group 17 (Previously Group VIIa).

/pdf/trace-elements-from-soil-to-human-gyujylwhl8.pdf

Trace Elements From Soil to Human

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=usepapapers

Regional scale evidence for improvements in surface water chemistry 1990–2001

The present review gives a brief account of the toxic effects of heavy metals on fish. In aquatic ecosystem, heavy metals are considered as the most important pollutants, since they are present throughout the ecosystem and are detectable in critical amounts. Heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc are of the most important pollutants which effect aquatic environment and fish. They are extremely dangerous for the health of fish. Most of these metals are characterized by being accumulated in tissues, and lead to the poisoning of fish. These metals can effectively influence the vital operations and reproduction of fish; weaken the immune system, and induce pathological changes. As such, fish are used as bio-indictors, playing an important role in monitoring heavy metals pollution. Finally, some recommendations are given to treatment of different kinds of wastewaters, sewage and agricultural wastes before discharge into the aquatic systems. Also, enforcement of laws and legislations regarding the protection of aquatic environments must be taken into consideration.

/pdf/use-of-fish-as-bio-indicator-of-the-effects-of-heavy-metals-qkn7pju0tc.pdf

Use of Fish as Bio-indicator of the Effects of Heavy Metals Pollution

Metal concentrations in water, sediment and gudgeon (gobio gobio) from a pollution gradient: relationship with fish condition factor

Trace metal accumulation and fish pathologies in areas affected by mining and metallurgical enterprises in the Kola Region, Russia

Northern european lake survey, 1995

In the autumn of 1995, Finland, Norway and Sweden initiated a joint Nordic Lake Survey using standard protocols for lake selection criteria and analytical procedures. Subsequently, the project was expanded to include Denmark, Russian Kola, Russian Karelia, Scotland and Wales. The survey covers a geographic area of ca. 1 300 000 km(2); this is about 13% of Europe's total area and 28% of Europe excluding European Russia. The total number of lakes (> 0.04 km(2)) in the study area is about 155 000 and of these 5690 lakes (3.7%) were sampled in this survey. This is 3.7% of the total lake population (> 0.04 km(2)). The lake density is about 1 lake per 9 km(2), and the sampling density is 1 lake per 244 km(2). The first common evaluation of lake chemistry in northern Europe showed that the chemistry of these lakes, except those in Denmark, are characterized by low ionic strength (dilute) waters, with low concentrations of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. There are general differences in the lake water chemistry between the countries, due to differences in hydrology, precipitation chemistry, hydrology, soil cover and vegetation. From western Norway, Scotland and Wales to eastern Finland and Karelia, there is a gradient from high to low precipitation (5000 to 300 mm yr(-1)) and from mountain areas with thin and patchy soils to forested areas with thick soils. These two factors are reflected in lake water chemistry with low concentrations of base cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K), alkalinity (HCO3-) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the western areas to higher concentrations in the eastern areas. An exception is high TOC levels in lakes in Scotland and Wales. Median values for base cation concentrations are three times higher in Sweden, Finland, Scotland, and Wales than in Norway, and TOC concentrations vary even more. The lakes in Denmark are influenced by a different bedrock mineralogy than in the other countries, and agricultural activities are much more intensive in their catchments. The Danish lakes generally have much higher ion concentrations and high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. In Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russian Kola and Karelia, more than 50% of the lakes have low critical load (CL) values for sulfur acidity (CL < 60 meg m(-2) yr(-1)) while Scotland, Wales, and Denmark have very few lakes with low CL. The highest percentage (27%) of lakes with exceedance of critical loads for sulfur acidity (at present S-loading) is found in Norway. In Russian Kola, Sweden and Finland 17%, 9% and 9%, respectively, of the lakes are exceeded. In Scotland, critical loads for sulfur acidity are exceeded in only 1% of the total lake population, while 24% of Welsh lakes are exceeded. In total, this adds up to approximately 22 000 lakes, corresponding to 14% of the total lake population in northern Europe, where CL for sulfur acidity is exceeded.

Northern European Lake Survey, 1995 - Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Russian Kola, Russian Karelia, Scotland and Wales

In the autumn of 1995, coordinated national lake surveys were conducted in the Nordic countries, including Russian Kola. The 11 metals (Pb, Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V) investigated in nearly 3000 lakes have generally low concentrations and distinct geographical patterns. Direct and indirect influence of long-range transported air pollution is the major important factor for distribution of Pb, Cd, Zn and to a certain degree Co. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in lakes are important for Fe and Mn but also to a certain degree for As, Cr and V. Bedrock geology is the major controlling factor for Cu and Ni, with the exception of areas around the smelters in the Kola peninsula, where the Cu and Ni concentrations in lakes are very high due to local airborne pollution. Bedrock and surficial geology is also an important factor for controlling the concentrations of As, Co, Cr and V. The results indicate that heavy metal pollution in lakes is a minor ecological problem on a regional scale in the Nordic countries.

https://bioone.org/journals/ambio-a-journal-of-the-human-environment/volume-30/issue-1/0044-7447-30.1.2/Heavy-Metal-Surveys-in-Nordic-Lakes-Concentrations-Geographic-Patterns-and/10.1579/0044-7447-30.1.2.pdf

T. I. Moiseenko

Papers

Trace metal accumulation and fish pathologies in areas affected by mining and metallurgical enterprises in the Kola Region, Russia

Northern european lake survey, 1995

Northern European Lake Survey, 1995 - Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Russian Kola, Russian Karelia, Scotland and Wales

Heavy metal surveys in Nordic lakes; concentrations, geographic patterns and relation to critical limits.

The fate of metals in Arctic surface waters. Method for defining critical levels