Nowadays it has become customary in nuclear physics to denote by “tradition” the approach that considers nucleons and mesons as the relevant degrees of freedom. It is the purpose of this chapter to review this “traditional” approach in the area of nuclear forces and their applications to nuclear structure.

The Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Structure

A large number of experimental discoveries especially in the heavy quarkonium sector that did not at all fit to the expectations of the until then very successful quark model led to a renaissance of hadron spectroscopy Among various explanations of the internal structure of these excitations, hadronic molecules, being analogues of light nuclei, play a unique role since for those predictions can be made with controlled uncertainty We review experimental evidences of various candidates of hadronic molecules, and methods of identifying such structures Nonrelativistic effective field theories are the suitable framework for studying hadronic molecules, and are discussed in both the continuum and finite volumes Also pertinent lattice QCD results are presented Further, we discuss the production mechanisms and decays of hadronic molecules, and comment on the reliability of certain assertions often made in the literature

Hadronic molecules

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About these proceedings

We take familiar inorganic oxide glasses and non-oxide glasses and the liquids from which they derive to review the current understanding of their atomic structure, ranging from the local environments of individual atoms to the long-range order which can cover many interatomic distances. The structural characteristics of important glasses and melts, like silicates, borates, alumino-silicates, halides and chalcogenides, are drawn from the results of recent spectroscopy and scattering experiments. The techniques include Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS), Neutron Scattering (NS) and Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering measurements (SAXS/WAXS), and are often combined with computer simulation experiments in order to obtain detailed images of structure and diffusion in the glassy as well as in the molten state. We then review the current understanding of relaxation in glasses, liquids and polyamorphic states. This includes phenomenological models and theories of rela...

Inorganic glasses, glass-forming liquids and amorphizing solids

Dyson–Schwinger equations furnish a Poincare covariant framework within which to study hadrons. A particular feature is the existence of a nonperturbative, symmetry preserving truncation that enables the proof of exact results. The gap equation reveals that dynamical chiral symmetry breaking is tied to the long-range behavior of the strong interaction, which is thereby constrained by observables, and the pion is precisely understood, and seen to exist simultaneously as a Goldstone mode and a bound state of strongly dressed quarks. The systematic error associated with the simplest truncation has been quantified, and it underpins a one-parameter model efficacious in describing an extensive body of mesonic phenomena. Incipient applications to baryons have brought successes and encountered challenges familiar from early studies of mesons, and promise a covariant field theory upon which to base an understanding of contemporary large momentum transfer data.

Dyson–Schwinger Equations: A Tool for Hadron Physics

A set of coupled two-body scattering equations is solved for the DN system embedded in an isosymmetric nuclear matter. The in-medium behavior of charmed D mesons, (D + ,D 0 ), is investigated from the self-consistent solution within this scheme. The effective meson-baryon Lagrangian in charm quantum number one sector, the key ingredient in the present study, is adopted from a recent model by Hofmann and Lutz that has aimed at combining the charmed meson degree of freedom in a consistent manner with chiral unitary models. After a critical examination, the original model is modified in several important aspects, such as the method of regularization, to be more consistent and practical for our objective. The resultant interaction is used to reproduce � ¯

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D Mesons in Nuclear Matter: A DN Coupled-Channel Equations Approach

We study charmed baryon resonances that are generated dynamically within a unitary meson-baryon coupled-channel model that treats the heavy pseudoscalar and vector mesons on equal footing as required by heavy-quark symmetry. It is an extension of recent SU(4) models with t-channel vector-meson exchanges to an SU(8) spin-flavor scheme, but differs considerably from the SU(4) approach in how the strong breaking of the flavor symmetry is implemented. Some of our dynamically generated states can be readily assigned to recently observed baryon resonances, while others do not have a straightforward identification and require the compilation of more data as well as an extension of the model to d-wave meson-baryon interactions and p-wave coupling in the neglected s- and u-channel diagrams. Of several

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s-wave charmed baryon resonances from a coupled-channel approach with heavy quark symmetry

The Dubna quark confinement model is applied to the study of electromagnetic polarizabilities of the \ensuremath{\pi} and K mesons. Within this model it is found that the effect of quark confinement reduces the value of the pion polarizability from that obtained in such approaches as chiral quark loop and linear \ensuremath{\sigma} models. In the chiral limit our result coincides with the one found in chiral perturbation theory. For the charged kaon we find the electric polarizability considerably larger than the chiral prediction. This is due to the strong meson-mass dependence not expected from the pointlike interaction in effective meson Lagrangian approaches.

Pion and kaon polarizabilities in the quark confinement model.

The theory of the coupled \ensuremath{\pi}NN-NN systems is applied to the unified description of the \ensuremath{\pi}d-\ensuremath{\pi}d, \ensuremath{\pi}d-NN, and NN-NN reactions in the intermediate energy range. Off-shell modifications are introduced in the ${P}_{33}$ and ${P}_{11}$ \ensuremath{\pi}N channels and the effects of heavy meson exchange are investigated. In general, results for various observables are in agreement with experiments. We have assessed certain aspects upon which future work should improve.

T. Mizutani

Papers

D Mesons in Nuclear Matter: A DN Coupled-Channel Equations Approach

s-wave charmed baryon resonances from a coupled-channel approach with heavy quark symmetry

Pion and kaon polarizabilities in the quark confinement model.

Unified description of pi d- pi d, pi d-NN, and NN-NN reactions at intermediate energies.

Erratum: Meson-exchange models for low-energy nucleon-antinucleon scattering