http://repository.hyogo-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10132/3239/1/AN100700980160017.pdf

“Science for All Americans”が語る科学とは何か

The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox: Mending the Gap Between Science and the Humanities

One focal point of science learning is to develop students' ability to actively participate in discussions of socio-scientific issues (SSIs) in their daily lives. This study proposed the SSIs-Online-Argumentation Pattern (SOAP) to develop a pedagogical strategy enabling students to participate in online argumentation of SSIs. Two quasi-experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in scientific competencies and sustainability attitudes of students following the SOAP strategy. The participants were 127 senior high school students and 68 undergraduates respectively. Students' scientific competencies and sustainability attitudes were assessed using quantitative methods. The results showed that the SOAP strategy led to differences in high school students' scientific competencies. The mean scientific competency of the experimental group was higher than that of the comparison group in the post-test and in the delayed test. Specifically, for the constructs identifying scientific issues and using scientific evidence, the difference between the two groups did not reach significance in the post-test and in the delayed test. The results showed that the SOAP strategy resulted in differences in undergraduates' sustainability attitudes. In the post-test, the mean sustainability attitude of the experimental group was higher than that of the comparison group. Specifically, for the constructs of economic aspect, the post-test difference between the two groups did not reach significance. Finally, this research proposed suggestions and implications for future studies related to SSIs and science education. This study proposed the SSIs-Online-Argumentation Pattern (SOAP) to develop a pedagogical strategy.Two quasi-experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in learning outcomes.The SOAP strategy led to differences in high school students' scientific competencies.The SOAP strategy resulted in differences in undergraduates' sustainability attitudes.The SOAP strategy may serve as a reference for improving scientific literacy.

The effect of online argumentation of socio-scientific issues on students' scientific competencies and sustainability attitudes

In this study, we explore the relation between scientific literacy (knowledge about scientific theories, trust in science, and critical thinking) and unwarranted beliefs (pseudoscience, the paranormal and conspiracy theories). The results show heterogeneous interactions between six constructs: (1) conspiracy theories poorly interact with scientific literacy; (2) there are major differences between attitudinal and practical dimensions of critical thinking; (3) paranormal and pseudoscientific beliefs show similar associations (they are predicted by scientific knowledge and trust in science); and (4), only scientific knowledge interacts with other predictor of unwarranted beliefs, such as ontological confusions. These results reveal a limited impact: science educators must take into account the complex interactions between the dimensions of scientific literacy and different types of unwarranted beliefs to improve pedagogical strategies.

Science as a Vaccine: The Relation between Scientific Literacy and Unwarranted Beliefs.

The scientific competencies advocated by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) focus on the abilities needed in students' adult lives. This study investigated how such scientific competencies could be improved by using online argumentation. One hundred and thirty-eight 8th grade high school students took part in the study, with 69 in the experimental group and 69 in the control group. A quasi-experimental design was adopted and qualitative and quantitative analyses were used. An online argumentation system served as an aid for argumentation instruction and activities among experimental group students during the experiment. The results showed that using online argumentation could improve the students' scores for the PISA scientific competencies. The experimental group students outperformed their counterparts in terms of overall mean scores for the scientific competencies. On the one hand, the individual competencies of ‘using scientific evidence’ and ‘identifying scientific issues’ of t...

Improving Students' PISA Scientific Competencies through Online Argumentation.

This study investigated the effects of exposure to pseudoscientific television (TV) programs upon Taiwanese citizens' pseudoscientific beliefs. The beliefs and practices of pseudoscience portrayed in the media may misguide the citizens in making life choices that may lead to negative consequences. Participants of this study included 2,024 individuals who were selected using probability proportional to size sampling method. Interviews were conducted and survey data were quantitatively analyzed by means of stepwise multiple regressions and reported with the use of cross tables. Results revealed exposure to pseudoscientific TV programs as a strong predictor of Taiwanese citizens' pseudoscientific beliefs and that younger citizens demonstrate more pseudoscientific beliefs and practices than older citizens. Researchers of this study proposed the need for making better use of mass media as a way to educate citizens about science and reduce pseudoscientific beliefs.

Effects of Exposure to Pseudoscientific Television Programs upon Taiwanese Citizens' Pseudoscientific Beliefs

This study uses an art-and-science comparative lens to understand the science culture, particularly the public engagement with science museums. A representational Taiwanese sample of 1863 subjects was categorized into "four cultures," who visit science only, art only, neither, or both museums, resulting in six multivariate logistic regression models. Knowledge of science, interests in scientific and social issues, and socio-demographic variables were considered in the models. Adults with children and males prefer science museums, females prefer art museums, and the young and urban intellects show no strong preference, appearing to be open to both science and art museums. The findings show the complex decisions the public make in visiting museums. It is no longer a strictly science or art decision, as framed by Snow's "The Two Cultures" argument; rather, the possibility of visiting both museums has emerged, a phenomenon we describe as cognitive polyphasia.

The four cultures: Public engagement with science only, art only, neither, or both museums.

This study takes on a relational and situated perspective to understand the relationship between scientific knowledge and fortune-telling. Measures included socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of scientific facts and methods, and fortune-telling beliefs and practices. A sample of 1863 adults was drawn from a population of Taiwanese citizens using the method of probability proportional to size. The findings showed that knowledge of scientific methods was negatively associated with fortune-telling beliefs. However, knowledge of scientific facts was, by and large, positively associated with engagement in fortune-telling practices, a phenomenon known as cognitive polyphasia. This study does not imply that science communication or education have no effect on promoting scientific knowledge; rather, it hopes to encourage researchers and practitioners to use a culturally sensitive lens to rethink the role of science in society and its relationship with other forms of knowledge and belief.

Relationship between scientific knowledge and fortune-telling.

This study investigated how the instruction of argumentation skills could be promoted by using an online argumentation system. This system entitled ‘Cognitive Apprenticeship Web-based Argumentation’ (CAWA) system was based on cognitive apprenticeship model. One hundred eighty-nine fifth grade students took part in this study. A quasi-experimental design was adopted and qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to evaluate the effectiveness of this online system in measuring students’ progress in learning argumentation. The results of this study showed that different teaching strategies had effects on students’ use of argumentation in the topics of daily life and the concept of ‘vision.’ When the CAWA system was employed during the instruction and practice of argumentation on these two topics, the students’ argumentation performance improved. Suggestions on how the CAWA system could be used to enhance the instruction of argumentation skills in science education were also discussed.

Using the Cognitive Apprenticeship Web-based Argumentation System to Improve Argumentation Instruction

A survey of larval helminths in freshwater snails of Kinmen was conducted from 1986 to 1987. Parasitological examinations of a total of 726 live snails collected from 25 loci revealed that 20 of 80 Bithynia fuchsiana were infected with metacercariae of Echinostoma gotoi and 36 with metacercariae of other echinostomes. Among 57 Radix auricularia swinhoei snails, 27 were infected with echinostomes and eight with metacercariae of other flukes. Of 20 Cipangopaludina chinensis, 18 were found with larvae of echinostomes. Larval trematodes were also found in three of 37 Austropeplea ollula and two of 87 Gyraulus spirillus. Third-stage larvae of Parastrongylus cantonensis were found in Ampullarius canaliculatus (5/103), Sinotaia quadrata (20/141), Hippeutis umbilicalis cantori (1/70) and Gyraulus spirillus (2/87). Segmentina hemisphaerula were not infected. Cercariae of Centrocestus formosanus, Haplorchis pumilio and a xiphidiocercaria were found in three, two and two specimens, respectively, of 37 Thiara tuberculata.

Tai-Chu Huang

Papers

Effects of Exposure to Pseudoscientific Television Programs upon Taiwanese Citizens' Pseudoscientific Beliefs

The four cultures: Public engagement with science only, art only, neither, or both museums.

Relationship between scientific knowledge and fortune-telling.

Using the Cognitive Apprenticeship Web-based Argumentation System to Improve Argumentation Instruction

Prevalence of larval helminths in freshwater snails of the Kinmen Islands.