Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for gaseous pollutants were firstly introduced in the United States regulation to check the in-use compliance of heavy-duty engines, avoiding the high costs of removing the engine and testing it on a dynamometer in the laboratory. In Europe, the in-service conformity of heavy-duty engines has been checked with PEMS for gaseous pollutants since 2014. To strengthen emissions regulations with a view to minimise the differences between on-road and laboratory emission levels in some cases, PEMS testing, including solid particle number (SPN), was introduced for the type-approval of light-duty vehicles in Europe in 2017 and for in-service conformity in 2019. SPN-PEMS for heavy-duty engines will be introduced in 2021. This paper gives an overview of the studies for SPN-PEMS from early 2013 with the first prototypes until the latest testing and improvements in 2019. The first prototype diffusion charger (DC) based systems had high differences from the reference laboratory systems at the first light-duty vehicles campaign. Tightening of the technical requirements and improvements from the instrument manufacturers resulted in differences of around 50%. Similar differences were found in an inter-laboratory comparison exercise with the best performing DC- and CPC- (condensation particle counter) based system. The heavy-duty evaluation phase at a single lab and later at various European laboratories revealed higher differences due to the small size of the urea generated particles and their high charge at elevated temperatures. This issue, along with robustness at low ambient temperatures, was addressed by the instrument manufacturers bringing the measurement uncertainty to the 50% levels. This measurement uncertainty needs to be considered at the on-road emission results measured with PEMS.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/23/4819/pdf

Solid Particle Number (SPN) Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) in the European Legislation: A Review.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt5bd738f5/qt5bd738f5.pdf?t=q8rzac

On-road gaseous and particulate emissions from GDI vehicles with and without gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS)

An interdisciplinary review on calibration strategies of engine management system for diverse alternative fuels in IC engine applications

Particle number emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing, China.

The effects of different olefin contents in fuel (nominally 8.2 and 17.2% in volume) on the performance and exhaust emissions of a modern gasoline direct injection engine at speeds of 1500, 3500, a...

Comparative Effects of Olefin Content on the Performance and Emissions of a Modern GDI Engine

https://escholarship.org/content/qt5rv097nn/qt5rv097nn.pdf?t=psj1t4

A comparison of a mini-PEMS and a 1065 compliant PEMS for on-road gaseous and particulate emissions from a light duty diesel truck.

A particulate detection apparatus and method for detecting particulates contained in a gas under measurement, including a sensor section, a circuit section and a control section. The sensor section is configured to electrify the particulates contained in the gas under measurement with ions generated by corona discharge. The circuit section is configured to detect an ion current value which is a current value corresponding to an amount of ions having adhered to and having electrified the particulates discharged from the sensor section. The control section is configured to convert the ion current value to a particle-number concentration of the particulates and to convert the particle-number concentration to a mass concentration of the particulates using a correlation obtained in advance between particle number and mass of the particulates.

Takeshi Tange

Papers

A comparison of a mini-PEMS and a 1065 compliant PEMS for on-road gaseous and particulate emissions from a light duty diesel truck.

Particulate detection apparatus and particulate detection method