ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients

https://www.cell.com/trends/pharmacological-sciences/pdf/S0165-6147(06)00153-2.pdf

Translocator protein (18kDa): new nomenclature for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor based on its structure and molecular function.

A complex antioxidant system has been developed in mammals to relieve oxidative stress. However, excessive reactive species derived from oxygen and nitrogen may still lead to oxidative damage to tissue and organs. Oxidative stress has been considered as a conjoint pathological mechanism, and it contributes to initiation and progression of liver injury. A lot of risk factors, including alcohol, drugs, environmental pollutants and irradiation, may induce oxidative stress in liver, which in turn results in severe liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Application of antioxidants signifies a rational curative strategy to prevent and cure liver diseases involving oxidative stress. Although conclusions drawn from clinical studies remain uncertain, animal studies have revealed the promising in vivo therapeutic effect of antioxidants on liver diseases. Natural antioxidants contained in edible or medicinal plants often possess strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities as well as anti-inflammatory action, which are also supposed to be the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits. In this review, PubMed was extensively searched for literature research. The keywords for searching oxidative stress were free radicals, reactive oxygen, nitrogen species, anti-oxidative therapy, Chinese medicines, natural products, antioxidants and liver diseases. The literature, including ours, with studies on oxidative stress and anti-oxidative therapy in liver diseases were the focus. Various factors that cause oxidative stress in liver and effects of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases were summarized, questioned, and discussed.

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The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases

The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is localized primarily in the outer mitochondrial membrane of steroid-synthesizing cells, including those in the central and peripheral nervous system. One of its main functions is the transport of the substrate cholesterol into mitochondria, a prerequisite for steroid synthesis. TSPO expression may constitute a biomarker of brain inflammation and reactive gliosis that could be monitored by using TSPO ligands as neuroimaging agents. Moreover, initial clinical trials have indicated that TSPO ligands might be valuable in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This Review focuses on the biology and pathophysiology of TSPO and the potential of currently available TSPO ligands for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disorders

Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds alpha-humulene and (−)-trans-caryophyllene isolated from the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea

Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity.

Objective. To evaluate the involvement of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in gingival tissue in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Subject and methods. Eighteen subjects were divided in two groups: experimental (age 52.9±5.0) and control (age 51.1±9.6). The activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase, nonenzymatic antioxidants: total glutathione and reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were evaluated in gingival tissues from interproximal sites. Statistical differences between groups were determined by independent Student t test and P<.05. Results. Individuals with periodontal disease exhibited a significant increase in the activities of MPO, GPx, GST, and also in TBARS and GSSG levels in gingival tissue compared to the control group (P<.05). Conclusion. The results of the present work showed an important correlation between oxidative stress biomarkers and periodontal disease.

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Proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with periodontal disease.

Anti-inflammatory effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands in two mouse models of inflammation.

Evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of Passiflora edulis in an inflammation model

Background: Although myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) levels are markers of activated leukocytes, both enzymes have not been currently addressed in inflammation models. Aims: This study evaluates whether the concentrations of these enzymes are significantly correlated with the content of leukocytes in a pleurisy model. Methods: The pleurisy was induced by carrageenan (1%) in mice, and the parameters analyzed 4 and 48 h after. Results: After the induction of inflammation (4 h), MPO and ADA levels peaked in parallel to neutrophils (p < 0.01). Regarding the second phase of pleurisy (48 h), the highest concentrations of ADA were detected in parallel to the highest levels of mononuclears (p < 0.01). At this time, MPO levels and neutrophils remained elevated, although at lower levels than those found at 4 h. A significant positive correlation was found among neutrophils and MPO, and mononuclears and ADA (p < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings support the evidence that both enzymes are markers of the inflammatory process, and provide new tools for a better understanding of the immunoregulatory pathways that occur in inflammation.

/pdf/myeloperoxidase-and-adenosine-deaminase-levels-in-the-569b9aqyqj.pdf

Tânia Silvia Fröde

Papers

Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity.

Proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with periodontal disease.

Anti-inflammatory effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands in two mouse models of inflammation.

Evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of Passiflora edulis in an inflammation model

Myeloperoxidase and adenosine-deaminase levels in the pleural fluid leakage induced by carrageenan in the mouse model of pleurisy.