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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

This paper presents a low power boost converter for thermoelectric energy harvesting that demonstrates an efficiency that is 15% higher than the state-of-the-art for voltage conversion ratios above 20. This is achieved by utilizing a technique allowing synchronous rectification in the discontinuous conduction mode. A low-power method for input voltage monitoring is presented. The low input voltage requirements allow operation from a thermoelectric generator powered by body heat. The converter, fabricated in a 0.13 μm CMOS process, operates from input voltages ranging from 20 mV to 250 mV while supplying a regulated 1 V output. The converter consumes 1.6 (1.1) μW of quiescent power, delivers up to 25 (175) μW of output power, and is 46 (75)% efficient for a 20 mV and 100 mV input, respectively.

A 20 mV Input Boost Converter With Efficient Digital Control for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

In the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system, various service requirements of different communication environments are expected to be satisfied. As a new evolution network structure, heterogeneous network (HetNet) has been studied in recent years. Compared with homogeneous networks, HetNets can increase the opportunity in the spatial resource reuse and improve users’ quality of service by developing small cells into the coverage of macrocells. Since there is mutual interference among different users and the limited spectrum resource in HetNets, however, efficient resource allocation (RA) algorithms are vitally important to reduce the mutual interference and achieve spectrum sharing. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on RA in HetNets for 5G communications. Specifically, we first introduce the definition and different network scenarios of HetNets. Second, RA models are discussed. Then, we present a classification to analyze current RA algorithms for the existing works. Finally, some challenging issues and future research trends are discussed. Accordingly, we provide two potential structures for 6G communications to solve the RA problems of the next-generation HetNets, such as a learning-based RA structure and a control-based RA structure. The goal of this article is to provide important information on HetNets, which could be used to guide the development of more efficient techniques in this research area.

/pdf/a-survey-on-resource-allocation-for-5g-heterogeneous-4gmdtz8zbn.pdf

A Survey on Resource Allocation for 5G Heterogeneous Networks: Current Research, Future Trends, and Challenges

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02395411/document

Agri-food 4.0: A survey of the supply chains and technologies for the future agriculture

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Design Of Integrated Circuits For Optical Communications

An ultra-low power voltage-to-time converter (VTC) circuit is proposed. The VTC circuit is compatible with wide range of applications (i.e. sensors, integrated DC-DC voltage converters) especially for time-based analog-to-digital converters (T-ADCs). In T-ADCs, the input voltage signal is first converted into a delay pulse using the VTC circuit, then this delay signal is converted into a digital code through time-to-digital converter (TDC). The main advantages of the T-ADC are that it: 1) eliminates the need for pre-amplifier stages, 2) operates at low supply voltage, and 3) supports low-speed applications as well as high-speed applications. In this paper, two VTC architectures are presented: a single ended architecture, and a fully differential architecture. The core VTC architecture uses a modified current starved inverter biased in subthreshold to maintain low-power consumption level. A prototype of the proposed VTC is implemented in 130nm CMOS technology, it exhibits a nonlinearity of 1 % per 150-mV for single-ended architecture, while exhibits nonlinearity of ±0.4 % per 240-mV for the fully differential one.

An ultra-low power voltage-to-time converter (VTC) circuit for low power and low speed applications

The performance of a laser beam traveling in uplink from a ground-to-satellite is subjected to turbulence, and beam wandering. This paper evaluates the performance of the optical uplink with the pulse position modulation (PPM) scheme in order to determine the optimum beam size that minimizes the symbol error rate (SER) and outage probability. Close-form expressions for SER and outage probability are derived by considering the combined effect of turbulence, and beam wandering. Appropriate simulation scenarios are applied, and numerical results are verified the accuracy of the derived close-form expressions. The results show that the optimum beam size is 2.5 with zenith angle changes from 0 to 30°. Furthermore, this paper studies the system performance on optimized beam size by considering the effect of changing the zenith angle, the transmitter power and the modulation orders.

Optimized Beam Size of Optical Ground-to-Satellite Link over Turbulence and Beam-Wandering

Nowadays, a high level of security is required for the transmission of critical information. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems are considered the best option to protect such information. Many studies have shown the efficiency of the QKD optical fiber inspired by M-ary pulse position modulation (MPPM). Free-Space Optical (FSO) links provide an efficient and effective data transmission system. However, cumulative effects of laser beam divergence, misalignment, and turbulence-induced fading on the received irradiance in the FSO link might allow an external eavesdropper located near the authorized receiver to break the transmission under certain conditions. This paper introduces the development of an FSO system based on the MPPM and the BB84 protocol (MPPM-BB84) over the Gamma-Gamma (GG) turbulence channel with pointing errors. Time Binning is implemented using MPPM to increase system security and reduce the quantum bit error rate (QBER). The system security is investigated under photon number splitting attack and excess noise. Closed-form expressions for asymptotic expressions of the average symbol error probability (SER), raw key rate (RKR), and secret key rate (SKR) are introduced. Moreover, the Monte-Carlo simulations are then used to prove the validity of the analytical results. The optimal values for the average photon number per pulse (to achieve the maximum RKR and SKR) for each symbol length can guarantee the stability of the FSO system under different weather conditions. Smaller symbol lengths are more tolerant of detector loss. The proposed system supports linking distances from 1 km to 3 km while keeping the SKR almost constant.

/pdf/hybrid-mppm-bb84-quantum-key-distribution-over-fso-channel-zahcd71pp7.pdf

Hybrid MPPM-BB84 Quantum Key Distribution Over FSO Channel Considering Atmospheric Turbulence and Pointing Errors

Exploration and mentoring oceans have been very demanding in the research in order to maintain successful underwater communications (UWC). Data transmission and practical applications have been considering of having energy efficient routing protocols, despite of the rapid energy consumption, high latency and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) of the nodes. Also, the environmental nature of the ocean may cause a disaster which may interrupt the data transmission. Thus, in this paper, we seek for distributing the underwater wireless sensor nodes (UWSN) into grids in an energy-efficient-approach and a sustainable system in case of disasters. We propose topology control algorithm which finds the optimal location of the UWSN based on the energy efficiency approach in the underwater network with energy harvesting abilities, given the depth required which is differ from application to another. Moreover, in case of disaster, Disaster Recover Reconfiguration Algorithm is proposed to enrich the network with the flexibility of routing in case of the disaster considering most energy-efficient path with the procedure of degrading the traffic of edges nodes to maintain connectivity of the network. The harvested power of five UWSN is measured from real data considering the exact location and depth of the nodes to test both algorithms.

Energy Efficient Topology Control Algorithm and Dynamic Management Scheme for Underwater IoT Applications

In a vehicular communications environment, the need for information sharing, entertainment, and multimedia will increase, leading to congestion of backhaul networks. The major challenge of this network is latency and resource limitations. Proactive caching can be obtained from local caches rather than from remote servers, which can avoid long delays resulting from limited backhaul capacity and resources. Therefore, proactive caching reduces latency and improves the quality of services. Determining which files should be cached in memory is a critical issue. The paper proposes various placement schemes for caching at the vehicle and mobile base station (MBS) layers. The optimal caching place represents better user demand and latency based on the demand and mobility model. Non-cooperative and cooperative vehicles with vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) are included. In both models, the high data rate of visible light communication (VLC) in the vehicular networks tends to enhance the caching capability. We also illustrate a sub-optimal algorithm to solve optimization problems compared to the optimal brute force solver and the sub-optimal genetic algorithm. Numerical results show that proactive caching schemes have a significant gain in system performance. The analysis shows that VLC improves proactive caching performance when there are less than 25 vehicles. The joint proactive caching scheme works better as the number of vehicles increases. The V2V proactive caching is useful when vehicles per platoon are ≥ 10

/pdf/integrated-vlc-rf-wireless-technologies-for-reliable-content-5alnf4xtar.pdf

Tawfik Ismail

Papers

An ultra-low power voltage-to-time converter (VTC) circuit for low power and low speed applications

Optimized Beam Size of Optical Ground-to-Satellite Link over Turbulence and Beam-Wandering

Hybrid MPPM-BB84 Quantum Key Distribution Over FSO Channel Considering Atmospheric Turbulence and Pointing Errors

Energy Efficient Topology Control Algorithm and Dynamic Management Scheme for Underwater IoT Applications

Integrated VLC/RF Wireless Technologies for Reliable Content Caching System in Vehicular Networks