There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

This paper reviews the state of the art of field- programmable gate array (FPGA) design methodologies with a focus on industrial control system applications. This paper starts with an overview of FPGA technology development, followed by a presentation of design methodologies, development tools and relevant CAD environments, including the use of portable hardware description languages and system level programming/design tools. They enable a holistic functional approach with the major advantage of setting up a unique modeling and evaluation environment for complete industrial electronics systems. Three main design rules are then presented. These are algorithm refinement, modularity, and systematic search for the best compromise between the control performance and the architectural constraints. An overview of contributions and limits of FPGAs is also given, followed by a short survey of FPGA-based intelligent controllers for modern industrial systems. Finally, two complete and timely case studies are presented to illustrate the benefits of an FPGA implementation when using the proposed system modeling and design methodology. These consist of the direct torque control for induction motor drives and the control of a diesel-driven synchronous stand-alone generator with the help of fuzzy logic.

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FPGA Design Methodology for Industrial Control Systems—A Review

Neuromorphic computing has come to refer to a variety of brain-inspired computers, devices, and models that contrast the pervasive von Neumann computer architecture This biologically inspired approach has created highly connected synthetic neurons and synapses that can be used to model neuroscience theories as well as solve challenging machine learning problems The promise of the technology is to create a brain-like ability to learn and adapt, but the technical challenges are significant, starting with an accurate neuroscience model of how the brain works, to finding materials and engineering breakthroughs to build devices to support these models, to creating a programming framework so the systems can learn, to creating applications with brain-like capabilities In this work, we provide a comprehensive survey of the research and motivations for neuromorphic computing over its history We begin with a 35-year review of the motivations and drivers of neuromorphic computing, then look at the major research areas of the field, which we define as neuro-inspired models, algorithms and learning approaches, hardware and devices, supporting systems, and finally applications We conclude with a broad discussion on the major research topics that need to be addressed in the coming years to see the promise of neuromorphic computing fulfilled The goals of this work are to provide an exhaustive review of the research conducted in neuromorphic computing since the inception of the term, and to motivate further work by illuminating gaps in the field where new research is needed

A Survey of Neuromorphic Computing and Neural Networks in Hardware.

Design and Analysis ofFault-Tolerant Digital Systems: B. W. JOHNSON (Addison Wesley, 1989,577 pp., £41.35) The book provides an introduction to the important aspects of designing fault-tolerant systems, and an evaluation of how well the reliability goals have been achieved. The book is mainly oriented towards a final year undergraduate course on fault-tolerant computing, primarily with an implementation bias. In chapters 1 and 2, definitions and basic terminology are covered, which sets the stage for the remaining chapters, and provides the background and motivation for the remainder of the book. Chapter 3 provides a thorough analysis of fault-tolerance techniques and concepts. This chapter in particular is remarkably well written, covering the issues of hardware and information redundancy, which form the mainstay offault-tolerant computing. Subsequent chapters on the use and evaluation of the various approaches illustrate the principles as they have been put into practice. At the end of chapter 5, small projects that allow the reader to apply the material presented in the preceding chapters are included. The resurgence of interest in fault-tolerance with the emergence of VLSI is the theme of chapter 6, focussing on designing fault-tolerant systems in a VLSI environment. The problems and opportunities presented by VLSI are discussed and the use of redundancy techniques in order to enhance manufacturing yield and to provide in-service reliability are reviewed. The final chapter covers testing, design for testability and testability analysis, which must be considered during each phase of the design process to guarantee that resulting designs can be thoroughly tested. Each chapter is followed by a summary of the key issues and concepts presented therein, and a separate list of references, which makes it easily readable. In addition, there is a reading list with more comprehensive and specialised references devoted to each chapter. Overall, the book is well written, and contains a great deal of information in 577 pages. The book has a definite implementation bias, and draws considerably on the author's experience in industry, particularly reflected in the projects accompanying chapter 5. The book should be a useful addition to a library, and a suitable text to accompany a lecture course on fault-tolerant computing. R. RAMASWAMI, Department ofComputation, UMIST

Book Review: Design and Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Digital SystemsDesign and Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Digital Systems: JohnsonB. W. (Addison Wesley, 1989, 577 pp., £41.35)

Architectural Power Analysis for Intellectual Property-Based Digital System

In this paper, we present a look-up-table (LUT) based power macromodeling technique for digital signal processing (DSP) architecture in terms of the statistical knowledge of their primary inputs. During the power estimation procedure, the sequence of an input stream is generated by a genetic algorithm using input metrics. Then, a Monte Carlo zero-delay simulation is performed and a power dissipation macromodel function is built from power dissipation results. From then on, this macromodel function can be used to estimate power dissipation of the system just by using the statistics of the macro-block's primary inputs. In experiments with the DSP system, the average error is 31.23%.

LUT-Based Power Macromodeling Technique for DSP Architectures

In this paper, we present a technique and a tool to debug microprocessor systems implemented in FPGAs We propose a method based on debug logic insertion and a set of debug modules to provide soft core microprocessors with In-Circuit Emulation capabilities

Hardware and software debugging of FPGA based microprocessor systems through debug logic insertion

In this paper we present an FPGA partition architecture, a methodology and a set of supporting tools that enable the use of partial reconfiguration in two directions: the (re)allocation of tasks within a slot based FPGA arrangement, and the reconfiguration of the communication infrastructure between these tasks and with an external processor. Thus, embedded reconfigurable devices can operate autonomously to adapt themselves when they receive a new task or group of tasks, optimizing both task allocation and intra-task communications. The type of communication structures supported can be a combination of buses, point-to point connections and networks-on-chip (NoC), each with variable width, sharing a fixed set of intra-task communication channels. Results are shown for a remote reconfiguration application, and additional experiments for reconfigurable NoCs are also shown.

Reconfigurable Heterogeneous Communications and Core Reallocation for Dynamic HW Task Management

Complex computing platforms involving pipelined processors, memory hierarchies, multi-core and many-core architectures are very common nowadays. These approaches require a deep understanding of the underlying hardware and the corresponding programing model to be able to decide which alternative is more suitable, i.e. obtain the best performance at the minimum cost, for a given application. Hence, it is important to cover all these aspects in academic curricula in order to provide engineers with competitive advantages and increase industrial productivity. In this paper, the methodology followed in a subject on Advanced Processing Architectures from a MSc program is presented. The theoretical content is complemented using hands-on exercises to further analyze the concepts discussed in class. As an example, the practical lessons on single-core Systems on Programmable Chip are reviewed in detail, showing the key ideas that are to be acquired by the students enrolled in the subject. Moreover, the proposed strategy has been evaluated using a voluntary and anonymous questionnaire to detect the strong and weak points of the proposed approach. This feedback is essential to provide students with valuable knowledge and meet quality criteria in academic education.

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Teresa Riesgo

Papers

Architectural Power Analysis for Intellectual Property-Based Digital System

LUT-Based Power Macromodeling Technique for DSP Architectures

Hardware and software debugging of FPGA based microprocessor systems through debug logic insertion

Reconfigurable Heterogeneous Communications and Core Reallocation for Dynamic HW Task Management

Teaching hybrid HW/SW embedded system design using FPGA-based devices