The 1999 Regional Haze Rule provides a context for this review of visibility, the science that describes it, and the use of that science in regulatory guidance The scientific basis for the 1999 regulation is adequate The deciview metric that tracks progress is an imperfect but objective measure of what people see near the prevailing visual range The definition of natural visibility conditions is adequate for current planning, but it will need to be refined as visibility improves Emissions from other countries will set achievable levels above those produced by natural sources Some natural events, notably dust storms and wildfires, are episodic and cannot be represented by annual average background values or emission estimates Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission reductions correspond with lower sulfate (SO4 2−) concentrations and visibility im-provements in the regions where these have occurred Non-road emissions have been growing more rapidly than emissions from other sources, which have remained

Visibility: Science and Regulation

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are operationally defined by the analysis methods, and different methods give in different results. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) and NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) thermal evolution protocols present different operational definitions. These protocols are applied to 60 ambient and source samples from different environments using the same instrument to quantify differences in implemented protocols on the same instrument. The protocols are equivalent for total carbon sampled on quartz-fiber filters. NIOSH EC was typically less than half of IMPROVE EC. The primary difference is the allocation of carbon evolving at the NIOSH 850°C temperature in a helium atmosphere to the OC rather than EC fraction. Increasing light transmission and reflectance during this temperature step indicate that this fraction should be classified as EC. When this portion of NIOSH OC is added to NIOSH EC, the IMPROVE and ...

Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements

Residential wood combustion emissions were analyzed to determine emission rates and to develop chemical emissions profiles that represent the appliances and woods typically used in wood-burning communities. Over 350 elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds were quantified. A range of 4−9 g/kg dry fuel of particulate matter (<2.5 μm) and 5−22 g/kg volatile organic compounds were observed. Samples were collected using a dilution stack sampler equipped with a 2.5-μm particle selective cyclone. Emissions were diluted 20−70 times, cooled to ambient temperature, and allowed 80 s for condensation prior to collection. Wood type, wood moisture, burn rate, and fuel load were varied for different experiments. Fine particle and semivolatile organic compounds were collected on filter/PUF/XAD/PUF cartridges. Inorganic samples and mass were collected on Teflon and quartz filters. Volatile organic carbon compounds were trapped with Tenax (C8−C20), canister (C2−C12), and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine impregnated ...

Fine Particle and Gaseous Emission Rates from Residential Wood Combustion

pReVIously ClAssIfIed by IARC As “CARCInogenIC to humAns (gRoup 1)” And wAs deVeloped by sIx sepARAte woRkIng gRoups: phARmACeutICAls; bIologICAl Agents; ARsenIC, metAls, fIbRes, And dusts; RAdIAtIon; peRsonAl hAbIts And IndooR CombustIons; ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons. thIs Volume 100f CoVeRs ChemICAl Agents And RelAted oCCupAtIons, speCIfICAlly 4-AmInobIphenyl, benzIdIne, dyes metAbolIzed to benzIdIne, 4,4’-methylenebIs(2-ChloRoAnIlIne), 2-nAphthylAmIne, oRtho-toluIdIne, AuRAmIne And AuRAmIne pRoduCtIon, mAgentA And mAgentA pRoduCtIon, benzo[A]pyRene, CoAl gAsIfICAtIon, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng CoAl-tAR dIstIllAtIon, CoAl-tAR pItCh, Coke pRoduCtIon, untReAted oR mIldly tReAted mIneRAl oIls, shAle oIls, soot, As found In oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe of ChImney-sweeps, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng AlumInIum pRoduCtIon, AflAtoxIns, benzene, bIs(ChloRomethyl)etheR And ChloRomethyl methyl etheR, 1,3-butAdIene, 2,3,7,8-tetRAChloRodIbenzo-pARA-dIoxIn, 2,3,4,7,8-pentAChloRodIbenzofuRAn, And 3,3’,4,4’,5-pentAChloRobIphenyl, ethylene oxIde, foRmAldehyde, sulfuR mustARd, VInyl ChloRIde, IsopRopyl AlCohol mAnufACtuRe by the stRong-ACId pRoCess, mIsts fRom stRong InoRgAnIC ACIds, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes duRIng IRon And steel foundIng, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRe As A pAInteR, oCCupAtIonAl exposuRes In the RubbeR mAnufACtuRIng IndustRy. beCAuse the sCope of Volume 100 Is so bRoAd, Its monogRAphs ARe foCused on key InfoRmAtIon. eACh monogRAph pResents A desCRIptIon of A CARCInogenIC Agent And how people ARe exposed, CRItICAl oVeRVIews of the epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys, And A ConCIse ReVIew of the Agent’s toxICokInetICs, plAusIble meChAnIsms of CARCInogenesIs, And potentIAlly susCeptIble populAtIons, And lIfe-stAges. detAIls of the desIgn And Results of IndIVIduAl epIdemIologICAl studIes And AnImAl CAnCeR bIoAssAys ARe summARIzed In tAbles. shoRt tAbles thAt hIghlIght key Results ARe pRInted In Volume 100, And moRe extensIVe tAbles thAt InClude All studIes AppeAR on the monogRAphs pRogRAmme websIte (http://monogRAphs.IARC.fR). It Is hoped thAt thIs Volume, by CompIlIng the knowledge ACCumulAted thRough seVeRAl deCAdes of CAnCeR ReseARCh, wIll stImulAte CAnCeR pReVentIon ACtIVItIes woRldwIde, And wIll be A VAlued ResouRCe foR futuRe ReseARCh to IdentIfy otheR Agents suspeCted of CAusIng CAnCeR In humAns. D es ig n by A ude la d es m ot s

iArc monogrAphs on the evAluAtion oF cArcinogenic risks to humAns

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/10603660/Emissions_and_Indoor_Concentrations_PostPrint.pdf

Emissions and indoor concentrations of particulate matter and its specific chemical components from cooking: A review

Over 100 radiocarbon (C) analyses of both ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less) and PM2.5 source samples from the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (NFRAQS) were performed. These analyses were designed to address, in part, two specific objectives of the summer and winter portions of the study, viz... Objective 3 of the summer study: “to provide information for comparison with the data collected at the winter 1996 core monitoring site at Welby and the major study during the fall and winter of 1996-1997” and Objective 1 of the winter study: “source apportionment of carbonaceous material in airborne particles in the NFRAQS study region”. The unique value of C analysis in source apportionment studies such as this is that it by definition apportions the modern and fossil components of atmospheric aerosol carbon or carbon sub-fractions. Results of these analyses will be used as a quality control check on the carbon apportionments generated by the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model. Samples were prepared as Fe-C bead targets for analysis of C by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). This type of analysis has proven to be reliable in atmospheric aerosol source apportionment studies for samples that may contain as little as 20-100 μg C (e.g., Currie et al, 1986, Klouda et al., 1987, Klinedinst et al., 1993, Hildemann et al., 1994). The AMS C analysis of the NFRAQS samples yielded relative measurement uncertainties (1σ Poisson counting statistics) of 2%-3%. Consistent with past experience, applying a blank correction to the C measurements, fM (Corr.), inflated the uncertainty, in some cases dramatically. The majority of the ambient samples analyzed for C were from the Welby and Brighton core sites. These samples consisted of sixteen corresponding (same date and time) winter samples from Welby and Brighton and twenty-two Welby summer samples. For the sampling days and periods represented in this study, the median and range of the winter fM (Corr.) data at Welby was 0.23 (0.16-0.34), and at Brighton 0.27 (0.25-0.37) or equivalently 77% and 73% fossil carbon. Welby summer samples also exhibited a predominantly fossil carbon fM (Corr.) signature, 0.47 (0.09-0.70), but with a much broader range. Source samples analyzed for C consisted of particulate emissions from heavy and light duty vehicles, wood smoke, meat cooking, synthetic logs and road dust. Results were consistent with expectations; motor vehicle emissions were close to 100% fossil carbon; wood smoke and meat cooking close to 100% modern carbon. The synthetic logs had a mixed source signature, fM (Corr.) of 0.20. Road dust samples exhibited modern carbon results ranging from 60% to 220% indicating potential C contamination of some of the samples and demonstrating the ambiguous nature of this source category.

Northern Front Range Air Quality Study Final Report Volume B: Source Measurements

Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil at McMurdo Station, Antarctica.

In order to evaluate the existing risk to public health in Arizona related to hazardous air pollution, ambient air monitoring for selected hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) was carried out in 1994-1996 in several representative urban and rural areas of Arizona. A wide range of organic HAPs was monitored, requiring a variety of sampling and analysis methods. Stainless steel SUMMA canisters were used for collection of volatile hydrocarbons and halocarbons, which were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization and electron capture detection (GC-FID/ECD). Carbonyl compounds were collected using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-impregnated cartridges and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Semi-volatile and non-volatile polycyclic aromatic compounds were collected using a sampling train consisting of a filter followed by a PUF/XAD-4/PUF sandwich cartridge. Following extraction, samples were analyzed by capillary GC with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Database software was developed for data processing and reporting functions. This paper describes the sampling strategy and the sampling and analysis methods employed in the monitoring program and presents a summary of all the results obtained during the duration of the sampling program.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10473289.1998.10463767

Arizona hazardous air pollutants monitoring program

The Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (NFRAQS) was carried out in the winter of 1996--1997 in the Denver, CO, area. One of the major objectives of the NFRAQS was to apportion the carbonaceous materials in airborne particles in the study region to their sources by receptor modeling. In order to accomplish this objective, ambient fine particles (PM2.5) were collected at two sites, in December 1996--February 1997, during three daily sampling periods (0600--1200, 1200--1800, and 1800--0600 hr). Particle-phase and semi-volatile organic compounds were collected on Teflon-impregnated glass fiber (TIGF) filters followed by PUF/XAD/PUF cartridges. Extracts from these samples were analyzed for organic compounds previously identified as tracers for emission sources that are likely to contribute to ambient carbonaceous aerosol in the study area. These sources include motor vehicle emissions, residential wood combustion, and commercial meat cooking. Organic compounds used to distinguish different sources of fine carbonaceous particles include particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), methoxylated phenols, hopanes, steranes, and cholesterol. In addition, selected samples were analyzed for specific nitro-PAH (2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene) which served as indicators of atmospheric transformation processes. In this paper the authors discuss the ambient concentrations of these organic compounds found in the Northern Front Rangemore » area« less

Northern Front Range air quality study: The analysis of ambient fine particulate organic matter

The Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model was applied to source profiles and ambient measurements taken during Winter 1997 at locations near Denver, CO. Chemical speciation included particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic compounds (e.g., methoxylated phenols, hopanes, steranes, sterols, and lactones) in combination with inorganic particulate species and total elemental and organic carbon. Emissions were tested for more than 200 in-use vehicles, including heavy-duty trucks and buses, light-duty diesel vehicles and, smoking and high emitting gasoline vehicles. Separate profiles were obtained for light-duty vehicle for cold-start and hot stabilized modes. Wood burning and meat cooking emissions were also characterized. Motor vehicles account for about 85 percent of the ambient PM2.5 carbon in Denver and about 75 percent in areas north of Denver. Light-duty gasoline vehicles are the major sources of PM2.5 carbon in Denver, with cold starts (or high emitters) and smokers contributing about 30 percent each to PM2.5 carbon. Normal hot stabilized emissions and diesel exhaust contribute about 5 and 17 percent, respectively, and paved road dust contributes less than 5 percent. Smokers, and cold starts (or high emitters) are the largest contributors to PM2.5 organic carbon, and diesel exhaust, and cold starts (or highmore » emitters) are the largest contributors to PM2.5 elemental carbon. PM2.5 emissions from the exhaust of light-duty gasoline vehicles are seriously underestimated in current inventories relative to diesel exhaust. Diesel exhaust, which is about two-thirds of the on-road vehicle PM2.5 emissions in the current inventory, account for only 18 percent according to the ambient source apportionment.« less

Terry Hayes

Papers

Northern Front Range Air Quality Study Final Report Volume B: Source Measurements

Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil at McMurdo Station, Antarctica.

Arizona hazardous air pollutants monitoring program

Northern Front Range air quality study: The analysis of ambient fine particulate organic matter

Northern Front Range air quality study: Apportionment of carbonaceous particles