We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol backing the core routing decisions on the Internet. It maintains a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous systems (AS). Point of concern in BGP is its lack of effective security measures which makes Internet vulnerable to different forms of attacks. Many solutions have been proposed till date to combat BGP security issues but not a single one is deployable in practical scenario. Any security proposal with optimal solution should offer adequate security functions, performance overhead and deployment cost. This paper critically analyzes the deployment issues of best three proposals considering trade-off between security functions and performance overhead.

Comparative analysis of

https://www.cs.montana.edu/courses/csci566/Ref/WMSN-Survey.pdf

A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks

Sensor networks with battery-powered nodes can seldom simultaneously meet the design goals of lifetime, cost, sensing reliability and sensing and transmission coverage. Energy-harvesting, converting ambient energy to electrical energy, has emerged as an alternative to power sensor nodes. By exploiting recharge opportunities and tuning performance parameters based on current and expected energy levels, energy harvesting sensor nodes have the potential to address the conflicting design goals of lifetime and performance. This paper surveys various aspects of energy harvesting sensor systems- architecture, energy sources and storage technologies and examples of harvesting-based nodes and applications. The study also discusses the implications of recharge opportunities on sensor node operation and design of sensor network solutions.

Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes: Survey and Implications

The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of resource-constrained devices (e.g., sensors and actuators) which form low power and lossy networks to connect to the Internet. With billions of devices deployed in various environments, IoT is one of the main building blocks of future Internet of Services (IoS). Limited power, processing, storage and radio dictate extremely efficient usage of these resources to achieve high reliability and availability in IoS. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks aim to misuse the resources and cause interruptions, delays, losses and degrade the offered services in IoT. DoS attacks are clearly threats for availability and reliability of IoT, and thus of IoS. For highly reliable and available IoS, such attacks have to be prevented, detected or mitigated autonomously. In this study, we propose a comprehensive investigation of Internet of Things security for reliable Internet of Services. We review the characteristics of IoT environments, cryptography-based security mechanisms and D/DoS attacks targeting IoT networks. In addition to these, we extensively analyze the intrusion detection and mitigation mechanisms proposed for IoT and evaluate them from various points of view. Lastly, we consider and discuss the open issues yet to be researched for more reliable and available IoT and IoS.

/pdf/security-of-internet-of-things-for-a-reliable-internet-of-412wq7fa87.pdf

Security of Internet of Things for a Reliable Internet of Services

In wireless networks that operate in those bands where spectrum sharing occurs across a variety of wireless technologies, such as the license-free Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands, mitigating interference becomes challenging. Addressing interference is an important aspect for the design and development of solutions intended to satisfy the demands of applications requiring QoS guarantees. In this paper, we investigate dynamic radio resource adaptation techniques based on instantaneous spectrum usage. Using a novel metric to quantify the spectrum usage, we address packet size and error correction code overhead optimizations. On one hand, large payloads lead to energy and throughput gains due to the amortization of the transmission overheads, but on the other hand, larger payloads imply larger resource wastage in the event of packet collisions. Using real-world data, we found that payload size in the neighbourhood of 100 bytes leads to near-optimal performance in general in the IEEE 802.15.4 networks. Our data also shows that for very high interference scenarios, erasure codes capable of correcting 10% of the packet payload can provide an equivalent Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) gain of 25 dB with probability greater than 0.6. This is significant for interference management and for increasing spatial re-use by employing lower transmission power. We show that erasure codes drastically improve energy-efficiency and throughput of low-power wireless links. In the heavy interference regime, even though interference doubles the energy-per-usable-bit cost, erasure codes remain cost-effective for very large payload sizes, up-to 1500 bytes. Finally, we discuss interference-dependent dynamic adjustment of the correction capacity of erasure codes.

http://www.cister.isep.ipp.pt/docs/on_packet_size_and_error_correction_optimisations_in_low_power_wireless_networks/785/view.pdf

On packet size and error correction optimisations in low-power wireless networks

Two-way time of flight (ToF) ranging is one of the most interesting approaches for localization in wireless sensor networking since previous ToF ranging approaches using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices have achieved good accuracy. The COTS-based approaches were, however, evaluated only in line-of-sight conditions. In this paper, we extend ToF ranging using multiple IEEE 802.15.4 channels. Our results demonstrate that with multiple channels we can achieve good accuracy even in non line-of-sight conditions. Furthermore, our measurements suggest that the variance between different channels serves as a good estimate of the accuracy of the measurements, which can be valuable information for applications that require localization information.

/pdf/multi-channel-two-way-time-of-flight-sensor-network-ranging-32lcxgj9iu.pdf

Multi-channel two-way time of flight sensor network ranging

We present Anquiro, a domain-specific model checker for statically verifying the correctness of sensor network software. In this context, static verification has hitherto received little attention, as state space explosion problems may prevent applying these techniques. Anquiro overcomes this limitation by providing different abstraction levels depending on the functionality to verify, and by implementing domain-specific state abstractions within the checking engine. We demonstrate the use of Anquiro in verifying the correctness of a widely used data dissemination protocol. This study allows us to identify issues that the protocol may overlook. Moreover, our evaluation of Anquiro's performance shows that it drastically reduces the number of states generated during the verification, preventing state space explosion problems.

Anquiro: enabling efficient static verification of sensor network software

This paper explores high data rate microwave communication through fat tissue in order to address the wide bandwidth requirements of intrabody area networks. We have designed and carried out experiments on an IEEE 802.15.4-based WBAN prototype by measuring the performance of the fat tissue channel in terms of data packet reception with respect to tissue length and power transmission. This paper proposes and demonstrates a high data rate communication channel through fat tissue using phantom and ex-vivo environments. Here, we achieve a data packet reception of approximately 96% in both environments. The results also show that the received signal strength drops by ∼1 dBm per 10 mm in phantom and ∼2 dBm per 10 mm in ex-vivo . The phantom and ex-vivo experimentations validated our approach for high data rate communication through fat tissue for intrabody network applications. The proposed method opens up new opportunities for further research in fat channel communication. This study will contribute to the successful development of high bandwidth wireless intrabody networks that support high data rate implanted, ingested, injected, or worn devices.

/pdf/data-packet-transmission-through-fat-tissue-for-wireless-2z1ry2ro6s.pdf

Thiemo Voigt

Papers

Security of Internet of Things for a Reliable Internet of Services

On packet size and error correction optimisations in low-power wireless networks

Multi-channel two-way time of flight sensor network ranging

Anquiro: enabling efficient static verification of sensor network software

Data Packet Transmission Through Fat Tissue for Wireless IntraBody Networks