抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/34/4/040/pdf

Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

We present an extensive molecular‐dynamics simulation for a bead spring model of a melt of linear polymers. The number of monomers N covers the range from N=5 to N=400. Since the entanglement length Ne is found to be approximately 35, our chains cover the crossover from the nonentangled to the entangled regime. The Rouse model provides an excellent description for short chains N<Ne, while the dynamics of the long chains can be described by the reptation model. By mapping the model chains onto chemical species we give estimates of the times and distances of onset of the slowing down in motion due to reptation. Comparison to neutron spin‐echo data confirm our mapping procedure, resolving a discrepancy between various experiments. By considering the primitive chain we are able to directly visualize the confinement to a tube. Analyzing the Rouse mode relaxation allows us to exclude the generalized Rouse models, while the original reptation prediction gives a good description of the data.

Dynamics of entangled linear polymer melts: A molecular‐dynamics simulation

A group theoretical approach to hydrodynamics considers hydrodynamics to be the differential geometry of diffeomorphism groups. The principle of least action implies that the motion of a fluid is described by the geodesics on the group in the right-invariant Riemannian metric given by the kinetic energy. Investigation of the geometry and structure of such groups turns out to be useful for describing the global behavior of fluids for large time intervals.

Topological methods in hydrodynamics

Theory of polyelectrolytes in solutions and at surfaces

The review describes recent research about reinforcement in elastomers where the main intention is to gain insight into the relationship between disordered filler structure on different length scales and reinforcement and to microscopic mechanisms of strain enhancement. Several theoretical concepts will be discussed together with very recent experimental findings related to hydrodynamic reinforcement, rigid filler aggregates with fractal structure and polymer adsorption on heterogeneous filler surfaces. Based on the new concepts, we present several recent efforts to understand typical effects in filled rubbers that have an extraordinary practical importance (for example, stress softening of carbon black filled rubbers during repeated large strain stretching and during small strain dynamic excitations).

Reinforcement of Elastomers

Rubbers are highly elastic solids formed by the random permanent linkages between long chain polymers. Their elasticity is largely entropic in origin, so that the molecular theory is largely a matter of counting the configurations available to the polymers and how this number changes under deformation. To do this one needs to know the way in which the crosslinks are formed, which need not be related to any equilibrium process, and to know the restriction placed on the chains by one another's presence, i.e. their entanglements. Recent theoretical developments suggest that the problem is by no means as intractable as it might at first sight appear, and simple models of tube confinement seem to give very good agreement with experiment.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/51/2/003/pdf

The tube model theory of rubber elasticity

In the strong versus fragile classification of simple liquids near their glass transition, a simple model is used to quantify this distinction, which sheds light on mechanisms in glass-forming liquids near freezing. From this model it is shown that the fragility parameter, one of the most important material constants, can be mapped onto the fluctuation of the coordination number, Δz: Δz=0 for network glasses; hence they are strong glasses. Systems with Δz>0 are always fragile. Implications on the relaxation behavior are shown to be in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental results

Strong and fragile glasses: A powerful classification and its consequences.

A scaling analysis of aggregates formed by coil-crystalline diblock copolymers in a selective solvent of low molecular weight is presented. Micelles lamellae and cylinders are considered. The aggregates' cores are assumed to consist of fold crystallized blocks. The two surface tensions associated with fold crystals cause significant core anisotropy. As in rod-coil micelles, crew-cut micelles are unstable. Otherwise, the scaling behavior is similar to that of aggregates of flexible block copolymers

Aggregation of coil-crystalline block copolymers: equilibrium crystallization

A rigorous molecular statistical model of filled polymer network with quenched structural disorder coming from the conventional chemical crow-link between polymers end from an ensemble of rigid and highly dispersed multifunctional filler domains is presented Specific surface end structure of the filler and its effect of «hydrodynamic» disturbance of intrinsic strain distribution are explicitly taken into accountThe conformational constraints (entanglements, packing effects) of polymer chains in the mobile rubber phase ere described by a mean-field-like tube model

Thomas A. Vilgis

Papers

Reinforcement of Elastomers

The tube model theory of rubber elasticity

Strong and fragile glasses: A powerful classification and its consequences.

Aggregation of coil-crystalline block copolymers: equilibrium crystallization

Contribution of entanglements to the mechanical properties of carbon black-filled polymer networks