The systems and methods described herein relate to LED systems capable of generating light, such as for illumination or display purposes. The light-emitting LEDs may be controlled by a processor to alter the brightness and/or color of the generated light, e.g., by using pulse-width modulated signals. Thus, the resulting illumination may be controlled by a computer program to provide complex, predesigned patterns of light in virtually any environment.

Multicolored led lighting method and apparatus

High-brightness LEDs, combined with a processor for control, can produce a variety of pleasing effects for display and illumination. A system disclosed herein uses high-brightness, processor-controlled LEDs in combination with diffuse materials to produce color-changing effects. The systems described herein may be usefully employed to bring autonomous color-changing ability and effects to a variety of consumer products and other household items. The system may also include sensors so that the illumination of the LEDs might change in response to environmental conditions or a user input. Additionally, the system may include an interface to a network, so that the illumination of the LEDs may be controlled via the network.

Light emitting diode based products

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

/pdf/hallmarks-of-mechanochemistry-from-nanoparticles-to-5cyjx2wiue.pdf

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: From nanoparticles to technology

This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the state-of-knowledge of radiation effects in crystalline ceramics that may be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium. The current understanding of radiation damage processes, defect generation, microstructure development, theoretical methods, and experimental methods are reviewed. Fundamental scientific and technological issues that offer opportunities for research are identified. The most important issue is the need for an understanding of the radiation-induced structural changes at the atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic levels, and the effect of these changes on the release rates of radionuclides during corrosion.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/09D70E1FB1A625EC09BB98883C3A5ED3/S0884291400044411a.pdf/div-class-title-radiation-effects-in-crystalline-ceramics-for-the-immobilization-of-high-level-nuclear-waste-and-plutonium-div.pdf

Radiation effects in crystalline ceramics for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium

A lighting device comprising first and second groups of solid state light emitters, which emit light having peak wavelength in ranges of from 430 nm to 480 nm, and first and second groups of lumiphors which emit light having dominant wavelength in the range of from 555 nm to 585 nm. In some embodiments, if current is supplied to a power line, a combination of (1) light exiting the lighting device which was emitted by the first group of emitters, and (2) light exiting the lighting device which was emitted by the first group of lumiphors would have a correlated color temperature which differs by at least 50 K from a correlated color temperature which would be emitted by a combination of (3) light exiting the lighting device which was emitted by the second group of emitters, and (4) light exiting the lighting device which was emitted by the second group of lumiphors.

Lighting device and lighting method

The invention relates to a light source comprising a phosphor composition and a light emitting device such as an LED or a laser diode. The phosphor composition absorbs radiation having a first spectrum and emits radiation having a second spectrum and comprises at least one of: YBO3:Ce3+,Tb3+; BaMgAl?10?O17:Eu?2+, Mn2+?; (Sr,Ca,Ba)(Al,Ga)?2?S4:Eu?2+?; and Y?3?Al5O12-Ce?3+?; and at least one of: Y?2?O2S:Eu?3+,Bi3+; YVO?4:Eu3+,Bi3+; SrS:Eu2+; SrY2S4:Eu2+; CaLa?2?S4:Ce?3+?; and (Ca,Sr)S:Eu2+. The phosphor composition and the light source together can produce white light with pleasing characteristics, such as a color temperature of 3000-6500° K, a color rendering index of about 83-87, and a device luminous efficacy of about 10-20 lumens per watt.

Light emitting device with phosphor composition

Ca 8 Mg(SiO 4 ) 4 Cl 2 :Eu 2+ ,Mn 2+ and Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ ,Bi 3+ are phosphors which have been sensitized to absorb ultraviolet radiation, such as from a light emitting diode, and to convert the radiation into visible light. A phosphor conversion material blend comprises Ca 8 Mg(SiO 4 ) 4 Cl 2 :Eu 2+ ,Mn 2+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ ,Bi 3+ , and known blue phosphors that absorb ultraviolet radiation from a LED and convert the radiation into visible bright white light. Also, a light emitting assembly comprises at least one of a red, green and blue phosphor for absorbing and converting ultraviolet radiation into visible light. A laser diode can be used to activate the phosphors to provide improved efficiency and brightness.

Phosphors for white light generation from UV emitting diodes

Using the finite-element program MARC developed by MARC Analysis Corporation, thermal stresses are calculated for a simple sandwich seal and a bead seal under conditions of uniform cooling, reheating, and an isothermal hold and for a tempered glass plate. Results of the viscoelastic calculations are compared with previously obtained analytical solutions and with experimental stress measurements. The formalism for including viscoelastic material properties in the program is developed.

Finite‐Element Calculation of Stresses in Glass Parts Undergoing Viscous Relaxation

A light emitting diode (10) has a backside and a front-side with at least one n-type electrode (14) and at least one p-type electrode (12) disposed thereon defining a minimum electrodes separation (delectrodes). A bonding pad layer (50) includes at least one n-type bonding pad (64) and at least one p- type bonding pad (62) defining a minimum bonding pads separation (dpads) that is larger than the minimum electrodes separation (delectrodes). At least one fanning layer (30) interposed between the front-side of the light emitting diode (10) and the bonding pad layer (50) includes a plurality of electrically conductive paths passing through vias (34, 54) of a dielectric layer (32, 52) to provide electrical communication between the at least one n-type electrode (14) and the at least one n-type bonding pad (64) and between the at least one p-type electrode (12) and the at least one p-type bonding pad (62).

Flip-chip light emitting diode device without sub-mount

During the past few years several studies have been made of the structure of network forming glasses using the method of molecular dynamics (MD). In general, the MD structures closely resemble the random network structures first proposed by Zachariasen. For example, silica glass has a cage-like structure resembling a randomly distorted high-cristobalite. In simulated sodium silicate glasses, Na ions create non-bridging oxygen atoms and occupy interstitial sites with no well-defined coordination but a most probable coordination number of five. Vitreous B 2 O 3 contains planar regular triangles linked at apices to form a random network of ribbons and sheets. The MD structure of vitreous B 2 O 3 does not contain boroxyl rings. In sodium borosilicate glasses the trigonal to tetrahedral conversion of boron with the addition of sodium was observed to agree with the NMR results. In sodium alumino-silicate glass simulations, aluminum prefers four coordination, regardless of the concentration of Na 2 O. The mechanism is discussed. The MD structure can be used to interpret many physical properties. All of the simulated glasses undergo a kinetic glass transition as they are cooled. Glass formation occurs when the system reaches a temperature at which the network forming cations and anions cease to diffuse on the time scale of the MD runs. This occurs at temperatures corresponding to viscosities of 1 P or less diffusion constants of around 10 −5 cm 2 /s. Hence, the MD glasses have very high fictive temperatures. Sodium and other alkali ions, however, can be observed to diffuse at much lower temperatures. “Experiments” can be performed on the computer simulated network glasses and liquids.

Thomas F. Soules

Papers

Light emitting device with phosphor composition

Phosphors for white light generation from UV emitting diodes

Finite‐Element Calculation of Stresses in Glass Parts Undergoing Viscous Relaxation

Flip-chip light emitting diode device without sub-mount

Molecular dynamic calculations of glass structure and diffusion in glass