[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Liming Dai,*,†,‡ Yuhua Xue,†,‡ Liangti Qu,* Hyun-Jung Choi, and Jong-Beom Baek* †Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon), Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Covalent Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea

Metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction.

Owing to their immense potential in energy conversion and storage, catalysis, photocatalysis, adsorption, separation and life science applications, significant interest has been devoted to the design and synthesis of hierarchically porous materials. The hierarchy of materials on porosity, structural, morphological, and component levels is key for high performance in all kinds of applications. Synthesis and applications of hierarchically structured porous materials have become a rapidly evolving field of current interest. A large series of synthesis methods have been developed. This review addresses recent advances made in studies of this topic. After identifying the advantages and problems of natural hierarchically porous materials, synthetic hierarchically porous materials are presented. The synthesis strategies used to prepare hierarchically porous materials are first introduced and the features of synthesis and the resulting structures are presented using a series of examples. These involve templating methods (surfactant templating, nanocasting, macroporous polymer templating, colloidal crystal templating and bioinspired process, i.e. biotemplating), conventional techniques (supercritical fluids, emulsion, freeze-drying, breath figures, selective leaching, phase separation, zeolitization process, and replication) and basic methods (sol–gel controlling and post-treatment), as well as self-formation phenomenon of porous hierarchy. A series of detailed examples are given to show methods for the synthesis of hierarchically porous structures with various chemical compositions (dual porosities: micro–micropores, micro–mesopores, micro–macropores, meso–mesopores, meso–macropores, multiple porosities: micro–meso–macropores and meso–meso–macropores). We hope that this review will be helpful for those entering the field and also for those in the field who want quick access to helpful reference information about the synthesis of new hierarchically porous materials and methods to control their structure and morphology.

/pdf/hierarchically-porous-materials-synthesis-strategies-and-568soqnq77.pdf

Hierarchically porous materials: synthesis strategies and structure design

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of mixtures characterized by significant depressions in melting points compared to those of the neat constituent components. These materials are promising for applications as inexpensive "designer" solvents exhibiting a host of tunable physicochemical properties. A detailed review of the current literature reveals the lack of predictive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms that govern the structure-property relationships in this class of solvents. Complex hydrogen bonding is postulated as the root cause of their melting point depressions and physicochemical properties; to understand these hydrogen bonded networks, it is imperative to study these systems as dynamic entities using both simulations and experiments. This review emphasizes recent research efforts in order to elucidate the next steps needed to develop a fundamental framework needed for a deeper understanding of DESs. It covers recent developments in DES research, frames outstanding scientific questions, and identifies promising research thrusts aligned with the advancement of the field toward predictive models and fundamental understanding of these solvents.

Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review of Fundamentals and Applications.

The thermal stabilities of 66 ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated using the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. Isothermal TGA studies on the ILs showed that ILs exhibit decomposition at temperatures lower than the onset decomposition temperature (Tonset), which is determined from ramped temperature TGA experiments. Thermal decomposition kinetics of ILs was analyzed using pseudo-zero-order rate expression and their activation energy was obtained. Parameter T0.01/10h, the temperature at which 1% mass loss occurs in 10 h, was used to evaluate the long-term thermal stability of ILs. The thermal stability of the ILs was classified to five levels according to Tonset. The ILs thermal stability is dependent on the structure of ILs, i.e., cation modification, cation and anion type. The correlations between the stability and the hydrophilicity of ILs were discussed. Finally, the thermal stabilities of acetate-based ILs, amino acid ILs, and dicyanamide ILs were analyzed.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ie5009597

Comprehensive Investigation on the Thermal Stability of 66 Ionic Liquids by Thermogravimetric Analysis

Ionic liquids have attracted a great deal of interest in recent years, illustrated by their applications in a variety of areas involved with chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. Usually, the stabilities of ionic liquids are highlighted as one of their outstanding advantages. However, are ionic liquids really stable in all cases? This review covers the chemical stabilities of ionic liquids. It focuses on the reactivity of the most popular imidazolium ionic liquids at structural positions, including C2 position, N1 and N3 positions, and C4 and C5 positions, and decomposition on the imidazolium ring. Additionally, we discuss decomposition of quaternary ammonium and phosphonium ionic liquids and hydrolysis and nucleophilic reactions of anions of ionic liquids. The review aims to arouse caution on potential decomposition of ionic liquids and provides a guide for better utilization of ionic liquids.

Are Ionic Liquids Chemically Stable

In this review, the recent development of synthesizing inorganic nanomaterials in ionic liquids (ILs) is outlined. There are encouraging results suggesting that the ionic liquid route can guide design, production, and application of inorganic nanomaterials across the range of size, shape, composition, and functionality. All examples clearly show that ILs add great value to inorganic nanomaterials area.

Ionic liquids for synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials

Research on ionic liquids has achieved rapid progress in the last several decades. Stability is a prerequisite for the application of ionic liquids. Ionic liquids may be used at elevated temperature, as electrolytes, or under irradiation. Therefore, the thermal, electrochemical, and radiolytic stabilities of ionic liquids are important and need to be known before their usage. Many research papers and some reviews on the stabilities of ionic liquids have been published. However, new results are continuously being published and a comprehensive review and perspective on this topic are still urgently needed. In this perspective, we intend to provide a comprehensive review including characterization methods, the effects of chemical composition of the ionic liquids on the thermal, electrochemical, and radiolytic stabilities of ionic liquids, respectively. Moreover, the thermal stability of some special types of ionic liquids such as poly(ionic liquids) and mixed ionic liquids, and the thermal and electrochemical stabilities of protic ionic liquids are discussed too. For thermal stability, the interactions between ions are less important than the individual anions and cations. The decomposition temperature is mainly determined by the less-stable ion, usually the anion. For electrochemical stability, the electrochemical window is determined by both the cation and anion. The less stable ion could influence the stability by interaction between the generated species from the decomposition with the more stable ion (opposite ion). This perspective is helpful for people to avoid using unstable ionic liquids and choose suitable ionic liquids.

Tiancheng Mu

Papers

Comprehensive Investigation on the Thermal Stability of 66 Ionic Liquids by Thermogravimetric Analysis

Are Ionic Liquids Chemically Stable

Ionic liquids for synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials

Thermal, electrochemical and radiolytic stabilities of ionic liquids

Application of deep eutectic solvents in biomass pretreatment and conversion