抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.6

Towards an Ornithology of the Himalayas: Systematics, Ecology and Vocalizations of Nepal Birds Jochen Martens Siegfried Eck

Complete List of Authors: Young, Mark; University of Edinburgh, Biological Sciences; University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science Steel, Lorna; Natural History Museum, Earth Sciences Foffa, Davide; University of Bristol, Department of Earth Sciences Price, Trevor; Dinosaur Isle Museum, Naish, Darren; University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science Tennant, Jon; Imperial College London, Department of Earth Science and Engineering

/pdf/marine-tethysuchian-crocodyliform-from-the-aptian-albian-2o6qgwb0xc.pdf

Marine tethysuchian crocodyliform from the ?Aptian-Albian (Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight, England

Sexual selection, that is, selection arising out of competition for mates, is widely invoked to explain the evolution of extravagant displays. However, sexual selection theory has a hard time explaining the evolution of certain types of elaborate traits, such as the bright plumages and displays of monogamous, monomorphic birds. Darwin was exercised by this difficulty. He suggested that sexual selection in monogamous species results from variation in mate quality rather than in mate number and that females acquire bright plumage incidentally by “transference” from the male. Writing in The American Naturalist in 1938, Julian Huxley offered an alternative to sexual selection. In a paper titled “Darwin’s Theory of Sexual Selection and the Data Subsumed by It, in the Light of Recent Research,” he argued that displays are often releasers that stimulate appropriate types and timing of behavior in mates. These ideas came out of his studies of grebes and loons, in which both males and females gain showy plumages for the breeding season and use these plumages in mutual displays between the sexes. Huxley’s ideas were extremely influential for 30 years but have been gradually relegated to a footnote in history as Darwin’s views have become widely accepted. We highlight Huxley’s paper here because it appears to us to be an important complement to Darwin’s ideas rather than an alternative. Huxley’s paper was essentially a long argument that drew on case studies from his own work as well as that of others to make two main points of great relevance to modern studies. First, he noted that many displays continue long after pair formation and reproduction, so are unlikely to be primarily linked to mate choice; he termed these “epigamic” displays. Second, he noted that displays to attract females (“all-esthetic” displays) are unlikely to be used exclusively in long-distance communication to attract females but may also function in sexual stimulation and in competition for mates and resources. Huxley’s first and major point emphasized the role of mating displays after mate choice has taken place. Once individuals are paired, displays can trigger and synchronize a variety of reproductive behaviors, such as nest building, territory defense, and copulation. In species without strong pair bonds, ineffective displays may result in the female seeking extra-pair copulations or leaving the male entirely and therefore are subsumed under the general rubric of sexual selection. But mate stimulation behaviors also includewhatHuxley termed “strengthening the pair-bond,” that is, priming the pair to cooperate in raising the young. He believed this was amajor function of themutual displays in the grebes and loons he studied. Huxley’s paper played an important role in shaping ethological research over the next 30 years as the field became focused on how display traits function to release behaviors in mates. For example, Nikolaas Tinbergen regularly quoted Huxley’s paper in his studies of mutual interactions between the sexes during courtship. In 1972, an edited book titled Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 1871–1971 celebrated the centenary of the publication of Darwin’s tome on sexual selection (B. G. Campbell, 1972, Heineman, London). This book contained five contributions on nonhuman animals; all of them referenced Huxley’s paper, and some relied heavily on its ideas. However, the main legacy of Campbell’s book was an upsurge in interest in mate choice rather than mate stimulation. Twenty years on, in 1994, Malte Andersson published his nowclassic book Sexual Selection (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ). Criticizing Huxley for introducing obscure terminology and confounding natural, group, and sexual selection, Andersson stated, “Surprisingly, Huxley’s confusing views for decades came to be regarded as superior to Darwin’s clear insights.” No one could make that claim now. Since Andersson, the literature has become full of papers on sexual selection, regularly referring to Darwin. While we may disagree with Huxley’s statement that “female choice is not the common phenomenon postu* E-mail: pricet@uchicago.edu.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/680414

Sexual Stimulation and Sexual Selection

https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cobi.13259

India's Dying For Development


 In a rapidly changing world, six threats to biodiversity can be summarized by the acronym COPHID: Climate change, Overharvesting, Pollution, Habitat loss, Invasive species, and Disease. These threats have led to many extinctions and are on course to generate many more. Each threat can be traced back to the growth of the human population and a general increase in wealth and technology. This text is designed to provide a summary of what has happened and why, as well as ask how to predict what will happen under various scenarios. The ecological principles of species interactions—mutualism, competition, predation, and parasitism—are applied to food security and to human disease, demonstrating how simplification of communities threatens both wild species and humans. Dramatic changes in the environment have been brought about by the removal of species (collapse of coral reefs), by addition of species (predators destroying island faunas), by pollution (dead zones in the ocean), and by habitat conversion (about 75% of the world’s productive land is now exploited for agriculture or forestry). Despite these issues, the global increase in wealth and education, coupled with a decline in the fertility rate, are causes for optimism. Eventually, the result may be a declining human population, as well as placement of more value on an increasingly scarce commodity, wild lands and wild oceans.

Trevor D. Price

Papers

Towards an Ornithology of the Himalayas: Systematics, Ecology and Vocalizations of Nepal Birds Jochen Martens Siegfried Eck

Marine tethysuchian crocodyliform from the ?Aptian-Albian (Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight, England

Sexual Stimulation and Sexual Selection

India's Dying For Development

Ecology of a Changed World