A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a nonlinear negative-feedback control system that synchronizes its output in frequency as well as in phase with its input PLLs are now widely used for the synchronization of power-electronics-based converters and also for monitoring and control purposes in different engineering fields In recent years, there have been many attempts to design more advanced PLLs for three-phase applications The aim of this paper is to provide overviews of these attempts, which can be very useful for engineers and academic researchers

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Three-Phase PLLs: A Review of Recent Advances

There is huge expectation from smart power grid to provide sustainable energy services using bi-directional flow of data and power enabled by advanced information, communication and control infrastructure. An important element of such a smart grid is prosumers i.e. the consumers who also produce and share surplus energy with grid and other users. Prosumers are not only an important stakeholder of the future smart grids but also have a vital role in peak demand management. Therefore, it is needed to investigate and review the Prosumers based Energy Management and Sharing (PEMS) along with associated challenges. It will help in understanding and analyzing the impact of prosumers in future smart grids. In order to achieve these objectives, this paper presents a comprehensive review of PEMS in smart grid environment and associated impact on power system reliability and energy sustainability. The process of energy sharing among prosumers involves two key elements: information and communication technologies and optimization techniques. These two elements have been discussed in detail to cover the PEMS implementation requirements. The relevant communications technologies presented in the paper include wired, wireless, short and long range options while linear and nonlinear optimization techniques, in context of PEMS, are described. Various technologies, methodologies and mechanisms adopted for PEMS are comprehensively discussed in order to enhance readers’ intuition. Challenges and issues faced by prosumer communities and energy sharing have also been elaborated in detail.

Prosumer based energy management and sharing in smart grid

IEEE Std 1459–2010. IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced or Unbalanced Conditions

The idea of Smart Grid has started to evolve more rapidly with the enhancement in Communication Technologies. Two way communication is a key aspect in realizing Smart Grids and is easily possible with the help of modern day advancements in both wired and wireless communication technologies. This paper discusses some of the major communication technologies which include IEEE specified ZigBee, WiMAX and Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) technologies, GSM 3G/4G Cellular, DASH 7 and PLC (Power Line Communications), with special focus on their applications in Smart Grids. The Smart Grid environments and domains such as Home Area Automation, Substation Automation, Automated Metering Infrastructure, Vehicle-to-Grid Communications, etc. are considered as priority areas for developing smarter grids. The advancements, challenges and the opportunities present in these priority areas are discussed in this paper.

Evolution of Communication Technologies for Smart Grid applications

As more distributed generators join the utility grid, the concern of possible undetected islanding operation increases. This concern is due to the safety hazards this phenomenon imposes on the personnel and equipment. Passive anti-islanding detection methods monitor grid parameters to detect islanding, whereas active methods inject a perturbation into the current waveform to drive these parameters out of limit when islanding occurs. The performance of active methods, such as conventional active frequency drift (AFD), is limited by the amount of total harmonic distortion (THD) they inject into the grid, which defines its nondetection zone. In this paper, an improved AFD anti-islanding method is presented based on a different current distortion injection waveform. The proposed method generates 30% less THD compared to classic AFD, resulting in faster island detection and improved nondetection zone. The performance of the proposed method is derived analytically, simulated using Matlab and verified experimentally using a prototype setup. A single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic distributed generation system is used for the simulation and experimental setup, and considered as potential application.

Improved Active Frequency Drift Anti-islanding Detection Method for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems

This paper presents a method for the detection of series arc faults in electrical circuits, which has been developed starting from an experimental characterization of the arc fault phenomenon and an arcing current study in several test conditions. Starting from this, the authors have found that is it possible to suitably detect arc faults by means of a high-resolution low-frequency harmonic analysis of current signal, based on chirp zeta transform, and a proper set of indicators. The proposed method effectiveness is shown by means of experimental tests, which were carried in both arcing and nonarcing conditions and in the presence of different loads, chosen according to the UL 1699 standard requirements.

Arc Fault Detection Method Based on CZT Low-Frequency Harmonic Current Analysis

Power quality instrumentation requires accurate fundamental frequency estimation and signal synchronization, even in the presence of both stationary and transient disturbances. In this paper, the authors present a synchronization technique for power quality instruments based on a single-phase software phase-locked loop (PLL), which is able to perform the synchronization, even in the presence of such disturbances. Moreover, PLL is able to detect the occurrence of a transient disturbance. To evaluate if and how the synchronization technique is adversely affected by the application of stationary and transient disturbing influences, appropriate testing conditions have been developed, taking into account the requirements of the in-force standards and the presence of the voltage transducer.

A Phase-Locked Loop for the Synchronization of Power Quality Instruments in the Presence of Stationary and Transient Disturbances

http://www.guidopicchetti.it/Il%20CPPM%20di%20Pnt/News%202010/echi_stampa/ec_stampa%202013/130201_Elsevier_Graditi.pdf

Smart renewable generation for an islanded system. Technical and economic issues of future scenarios

In this paper, a new approach is proposed for the detection of harmonic sources in polluted power systems. It is a single- point strategy, based on a comparison among different "nonactive" power quantities proposed in literature that, in the same working conditions, assume different values at the same metering section. Some simulations tests were carried out on a standard IEEE test system proposed by other authors as a benchmark system for the analysis of multipoint measurement techniques for harmonic pollution monitoring. The obtained results show that the proposed single-point approach is in agreement with other strategies already proposed in the literature and can provide useful indications for the detection of the dominant harmonic source upstream or downstream the metering section also in some critical cases.

Valentina Cosentino

Papers

IEEE Std 1459–2010. IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced or Unbalanced Conditions

Arc Fault Detection Method Based on CZT Low-Frequency Harmonic Current Analysis

A Phase-Locked Loop for the Synchronization of Power Quality Instruments in the Presence of Stationary and Transient Disturbances

Smart renewable generation for an islanded system. Technical and economic issues of future scenarios

A Novel Approach Based on Nonactive Power for the Identification of Disturbing Loads in Power Systems