Publications Financial Statement pursuant to rule 154-ter paragraph 1 of Legislative Decree No. 58/1998 Annual Report Annual Report on Form 20-F for the Securities and Exchange Commission Fact Book (in Italian and English) Eni in 2011 (in English) Interim Consolidated Report as of June 30 pursuant to rule 154-ter paragraph 2 of Legislative Decree No. 58/1998 Corporate Governance Report pursuant to rule 123-bis of Legislative Decree No. 58/1998 (in Italian and English) Remuneration Report pursuant to rule 123-ter of Legislative Decree No. 58/1998 (in Italian and English)

Annual Report 2011 -個人別教育研究報告-

How does fiscal decentralization affect CO2 emissions? The roles of institutions and human capital

The present study explores the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation in case of United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study covers the quarter frequency data over the period of 1975–2011. We have applied the ARDL bounds testing approach to examine the long run relationship between the variables in the presence of structural breaks. The VECM Granger causality is applied to investigate the direction of causal relationship between the variables. Our empirical exercise reported the existence of cointegration among the series. Further, we found an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions i.e. economic growth raises energy emissions initially and declines it after a threshold point of income per capita (EKC exists). Electricity consumption declines CO 2 emissions. The relationship between urbanization and CO 2 emissions is positive. Exports seem to improve the environmental quality by lowering CO 2 emissions. The causality analysis validates the feedback effect between CO 2 emissions and electricity consumption. Economic growth and urbanization Granger cause CO 2 emissions.

Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates

This novel research is an argumentative subject which was needed to be addressed and to fill this gap, the author examined the effect of financial development, information and communication technology, and institutional quality on CO2 emission in Pakistan by using quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) model. The data were obtained for the period from 1995Q1 to 2018Q4. In the long run, GDP and institutional quality have a positive impact on CO2 emission when this emission is already high, which shows that if the GDP and institutional quality increases, the CO2 emission also increases. Moreover, financial development and ICT has a negative impact on CO2 emission irrespective of emission level that whether it is high or low in the country, which shows that if financial enhancement and ICT increases, carbon emission decreases. The study also supported the EKC hypothesis in Pakistan.

The Dynamic Nonlinear Influence of ICT, Financial Development, and Institutional Quality on CO2 Emission in Pakistan: New Insights From QARDL Approach

Symmetric and asymmetric impact of oil price, FDI and economic growth on carbon emission in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL and non-linear ARDL approach

The dynamic relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and other macroeconomic variables is long established in the literature, and carbon dioxide is seen as one of the variables that captures the environmental conditions in the global economy. The manufacturing sector plays a key role in the economic growth of every nation. However, its operation is attached to carbon dioxide emissions, which are perceived to be one of the main causes of environmental harm that can seriously affect and reduce the environmental quality. Achieving a higher level of economic growth is believed to fall in line with higher environmental degradation (Sharma 2011), as higher economic activities may promote more environmental problems. Hence, a political instrument for viable development is introduced here with the goal of balancing the concept of economic development, environmental degradation, and social fairness. Sound and quality environmental policies in an economy could be one of the key determinant factors for improving environmental quality (Ibrahim and Law 2015). Thus, quality institutions should be considered as inputs for providing sound legislation that when applied efficiently will help reduce environmental menace in the global economy (Lau et al. 2014). Environmental degradation is presently disturbing the global economy, and considering its adverse effects has caused various governments to budget hugely to control the hazards. Without these environmental problems, the resources earmarked to control related environmental problems could be used to achieve other important economic objectives. This study investigated the impact of institutional quality on environmental quality in the developing countries. Several studies were conducted on environmental degradation and its determinants. However, little is still known about the roles of institutions in reducing environmental problems. This study is different from the existing literature in three ways; first, most of the studies in this area focus more on growth, financial development, and trade openness, and little attention is given to environmental policy aspects; this is the main focus of this current paper. Second, a lot of attention has been given to the developed countries, thereby ignoring the developing countries where the problems are also/even more evident. Carbon dioxide emissions are the major cause of global warming which deteriorates overall environmental condition by depleting the ozone layer and hence affecting the health of the general populace as well. Carbon emissions from the developing countries will surpass those of the developed countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the next three decades due to their higher rate of economic growth in those countries and their continuous use of fossil fuels. Part of the reason for choosing developing countries to study is based on the projection that energyrelated carbon dioxide emissions from those countries will be 127% higher than emissions in the advanced economies by 2040 according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA 2016). The world map in Fig. 1 shows the distribution of lessdeveloped countries as shown by the green color; this highlights majority of the countries in the global economy fall under the category of developing countries. Despite several studies that have examined the relationship between carbon Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Does quality institutions promote environmental quality

Stock market development and low-carbon economy: The role of innovation and renewable energy

Using a dynamic panel generalized method of moments (GMM), this paper examines the dynamic impact of banking sector performance on economic growth in thirteen Southeast European countries over the ...

Banking sector performance and economic growth: evidence from Southeast European countries

This study addresses the issue of whether banking performance impacts financial stability in Southeastern European countries. To answer this question, the GMM approach has been applied in the analyses of the panel data over the period 2000-2015 for Southeastern Europe. The findings reveal the presence of significant positive long-run relationship between ROA, ROE, trade openness, and human capital, while government expenditures have negative impact on financial stability. Trade openness, human capital and government expenditures can keep the financial system stable as a whole. The Granger causality analysis discloses the main hypothesis where the banking system in this part of Europe accounts for more than 80% of the financial system. The study sheds light to the policymakers and research about the role of banking performance on financial stability for this region of Europe.

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Veton Zeqiraj

Papers

Does quality institutions promote environmental quality

Stock market development and low-carbon economy: The role of innovation and renewable energy

Banking sector performance and economic growth: evidence from Southeast European countries

Dynamic Impact of Banking Performance on Financial Stability: Fresh Evidence from Southeastern Europe

Financial Inclusion in Developing Countries: Do Quality Institutions Matter?